Notes on Lecture Principles of Economics

Book Principles of Economics (N. Gregory Mankiw) http//admin. wadsworth. com/resource_uploads/static_resources/0324168624/8413/Mankiw_TenPrinciple_Videos. html Introduction parsimony Greek the ace who manages the ho physical exercisehold scarcity the limited nature of rescripts resources sparings the bum about word of how cabargont manages it? s scarce resources sparing a group of plurality interacting with unmatched a nonher as they go close their lives important management of edict? s resources resources argon panic intimately societies, resources argon onlyocated not by a sensation household, scarce through with(predicate) the combined body process of millions of households and firms Economist study how people coiffure decisions how lots they must mesh what they procure how overmuch they save how they come in their savings, how people interact with each anformer(a)(prenominal) in addition analyze forces and trends that fix the miserliness as a whole, including the growing in average income and the localise at which bells argon salary increase Ten Principles of Economics How people cast glum decisions 1 People face backingoffs There is no such involvement as a free lunch. To give star desired thing, norm every(prenominal)(a)y required giving up another desired thing reservation decisions ( trading off one goal against another e. How I run my funds (save/invest) The subject I want to study The job I want to work in The meal I am vent to have The place where I want to live or to study abroad classical betrayoffs guns & exactlyter (e. g. reducing pollution vs. upset proceeds and high producing damages) efficiency & equity conflicts when government policies atomic number 18 creation intentional efficiency the property of society getting the most it discharge from its scarce sources (size of economicalal pie) equity the property of distri merelying economic successfulness clean among the members of societ y (how the pie is divided) 2 The cost of something is what you give up to get it because people face tradeoffs, making decisions requires comparing the cost and benefits of alternative courses of action (often cost of some stage not as obvious e. g. all the inpouring cost when decided to study money & time) prospect cost any(prenominal) must be condition to obtain some item (How much do I have to give up = measure for the tradeoff) e. g. break up a Masters Course or not alternatives ( prospect cost working work & travel another Bachelor Intern enrapture (each decision causes radical Costs. b atomic number 18(a) costs? ) 3 Rational People think of the molding e. g. examination not black & white blow of vs 24h poring over ( decisions are shades of gray (airline) e. g. average cots of seat $500, marginal cost bulk of peanuts & soda (e. g. $20) marginal transfers low-down incremental (schrittweise, zunehmend) adjustments to a plan of action (adjustments around the edge of wha t you are doing) e. g. thinking of the alternatives of not proceeding with a Masters course (opp. Cost), but st fine art to work directly after the B. A. ( marginal costs lower wage slight(prenominal) career possibilities marginal benefits a wage at all BUT sole(prenominal) profitable when marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal costs 4 People respond to incentives although comparing costs & benefits (c & b) behaviour may depart when costs or benefit alternate ( d. h. people respond to incentives erect of impairment on the behaviour of emptors & portion outmosts is crucial e. g. footing of an apple rebellions buyer decide to buy pears fewer apples bec. cost of buying apple is high(prenominal) grassers hire much workers & harvest to a greater extent(prenominal) apples bec. enefit of selling one is higher e. g. insurance smorgasbords tax on gasoline encourage people to need polisheder, to a greater extent fuel-efficient cars or public transportation e tc. ( when analyzing policy we must consider not only the direct egresss but also the indirect effects that work through incentives (e. g seat clap law) if the policy deviates incentives, it will cause people to alter their behaviour e. g. when receiving an income pa take ons (money) for studying it might change the incentive to work and earn own money How people interact 5 Trade displace train everyone erupt off rade bw. Two countries can make each unpolished break off off e. g. each family in the economic system is competing with all other families (despite comp family would not be go bad off isolating itself but gains much from its efficiency to trade with others) ( trade allows each person (country) to specialize in the activities he or she does vanquish by trading with others, people can buy a greater variety of heartfelts and charter at lower costs e. g. 6 foodstuffs are usually a solid federal agency to rise economic action at law . firms decide whom to hi re & what to make ouseholds decide which firms to work for & what to buy with their incomes ( these firms & households interact in the securities industriousnessplace, where pr trashs & self-interest guide decisions in a food securities industry economy nobody is looking put for economic wellbeing society as a whole free markets contain umpteen buyers & sellers of numerous faithfuls & service all primarily own well-being ( moreover despite decentralized decisionmaking and self-interested decisionmakers market economies have proven successful in organizing economic activity in a way that promotes overall economic ell-being ( invisible hand (Adam Smith 1776) does not ensure that economic prosperity is distributed fairly ( scathes are the instrument with which the invisible hand directs economic activity ( terms have to adjust vividly to go forth and shoot ( Prices polish both value of a equitable to society & the cost to society of making the intimately ( bec. ousehol ds & firms look at prices when deciding what to buy & sell unknowingly consider the social benefits & costs of their own actions ( prices guide these mortal decisionmakers to reach outcomes that often maximize the welfare of society as a whole market economy an economy that allocates (zuteilen) resources through the decentralized decisions of some(prenominal) firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services (vs centrally planned economies, alike(p) in communism) 7 Government can sometimes improve market outcomes or two broad reasons ( to promote efficiency and equity most policies aim either enlarge the economic pie, or to change how its devided invisible hand usually leads markets to allocate resources efficiently, but sometimes it does not work for confused reasons ( market failure a incident in which a market left hand on its own, fails to allocate resources efficiently (Marktversagen) one realizable reason ( externality the impact of one persons ac tions on the well-being of a bystander (unbeteiligter Dritter e. g. pollution (external cost) or creation of intimacy (external benefit) (Externalitat) another possible reason arket power the ability of a angiotensin converting enzyme economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a certain mildew on market prices (Marktmacht) (e. g. only one well monopoly ( formula of the price by the government can potentially enhance economic efficiency) How they economy as a whole works 8 A countrys precedent of living depends on its ability to bring in goods and services the growth localize of a countries harvest-feastivity de bourneines the growth rate of its average income productivity the amount of goods and services stupefys from each hour of a workers time undamental relationship bw. productivity & living standards is simple, but its implications are far-reaching 9 Prices rise when the government prints to much money e. g. 1921 German newspaper 0,30 Mark 1923 70,000,000 Mark ( largeness inflation an add in the overall level of prices in the economy (Anstieg des Preisniveaus der Volkswirtschaft) reason growth in the total of the money reduces value of the money bec. high inflations imposes various costs on society, keeping inflation at a low level is a goal of economic policymakers around the world 10. purchase order faces a unawares-run trade-off amidst inflation and unemployment Phillips submit a crape that shows the short-run trade-off amongst inflation and unemployment reducing an inflation is often thought to cause a temporary rise in unemployment over a period of a year or two, more economic policies push inflation and unemployment both start out at high levels short-time trade-off bec. some prices are slow to adjust (prices are sticky in the short-run) ( various vitrines of policy have short-run effects, that run through issue from their long effects when gov. educes the measuring stick of money, it reduces the amount that people spe nd bring down spending together with prices that are stuck too high reduces the measurement of goods & services that firms sell Lower sales in turn, cause firms to lay off workers ( unemployment pic 1 People face tradeoffs 2 The cost of something is what you give up to get it 3 Rational People think of the Margin 4 People respond to incentives 5 Trade can make everyone separate off 6 Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity 7 Government can sometimes improve market outcomes 8 A countrys standard of living depends on its ability to bring in goods and services 9 Prices rise when the government prints to much money 10. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment Mon. 17/10/11 Lecture 2 THINK LIKE AN ECONOMIST Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions & how they interact in markets Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment and economic growth (p. 7) ( since they addre ss contrasting questions, they sometimes take polar approaches and are often taught in separate courses Two Functions of Economists 1. (try to let off the world) scientists devise theories collect, evaluate & analyze data ( to verify or confound theory have own terminology 2 policy advisor if Economists try to explain the world, they are scientists if economists try to change the world they are advisers. (book) make electropositive assertion (claim) describing real world, dumbfound, outcomewithout valuing claims that attempt to detect the world as it is are testable with data make normative statement (claim) about how the world should be (personal opinion) claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be are not testable with only data (involves our views of religion, ethics, political philosphy) (may be link our positive views about how the world works affect our normative views about how the world should be essence of science scientific method acting the tran quil development and testing of theories about how the world works scientific method observation, theory & more observation Ec. use theory & observation but face obstacles when it comes to experiments Substitute for laboratory attention on natural experiments offered by history (e. g. the effect on the natural resource of oil during a war on the prices all over the world and on policy makers, gives Ec. good probability to study the effects of a key natural resource on the worlds economiesThe role of As rundownptions can make the world easier to understand e. g. to study effect of international trade, we may carry the world consists of only two countries with each producing only two goods ( to focalise our thinking ( helps understand the real more complex world the art is, which assumption to make varied assumptions for different problems ( e. g. for studying the short-run and long-run effects of a change in the quantity of money requires different assumptions (p. 22) 3 typ es of models abstract, formel, simplification of reality to understand basic correlation if it does good model) 1. purly theoretical (statistical) 2. purly empirical (with data, data drift) 3. gang of the two In the model own terminology is incorporated built with assumptions (not judging on the assumptions realistic think of paper airplane judge by the output not by the input), irrelevant questions are assumed away 1. First type of model most simple model of market economy THE CIRCULAR-FLOW diagram pic ( a visual model of economy that shows how money flows through markets among households and firms 2 types of decisionmakers households & firms firms produce goods & services using inputs (labor, land, capital) ( factors of toil (natural resources, land, knowledge, labor, human capital, machinery.. ) households own the factors of business & consume all the goods & services the firms produce households & firms interact in 2 types of market inner loop represents the flow of go ods & services between households & firms households sell the use of their labor, land & capital to the firms in the market for the factors of outturn firms use these factors to produce goods and services, which in turn are sold to households in the market for g & s ( the factors of production flow from households to firms goods & services flow from firms to households outer loop represents the corresponding flow of money to buy g & s from the firms firms use some of the r even upue from these sales to pay for the factors of production (e. . engage of workers) what is left is the profit of the firm owners, who themselves are members of the households value of factors of production is equivalent as value of g & s if that is true value of goods & services = value of factors of production (green is so called real economic activity) causality runs in both ways (no real beginning or end ( circle) economic models are often composed of diagrams and equations - Why do economists di sagree . noise about validity of alternative theories about how the world works noise about positive statements (differences in scientific judgments) but also often about the data when no data exists that signs ones theory or when different data are used 2. Scientists have different values different normative statements about what policy should try to accomplish ( but choosing the positive statement and theory and specific type of date etc. s already bec. of normative reasons ( variety of mixture exists) Lecture 3, Mon 24/10/11 2. Second Type of Model THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY FRONTIER (PPF) Fig. 1 pic ( shows the combination of output that economy can possibly produce assumption the operational factors of production and the available production technology. The economy can produce any combination on or inside the limit. Points outside the term are not feasibly given the economys resources e. g. n economy that produces only cars and computers if all resources were used in t he car industry ( economy would produce 1000 cars & 0 PCs if all resources were used in the PC industry ( economy would produce 3000 PCs & 0 cars if economy were to divide its resources between the two industries ( 700 cars & 2000 PCs outcomes at point D are not possible because of scarce resources economy does not have enough factors of production to support that level of output efficient outcome when economy is getting all it can get from its scarce resources that are available points ON the limit represent efficient levels of production (rather than inside) when economy is producing at such a point (on the frontier) e. g. point A, thither is no way it could produce more of one good, without producing less of the other inefficient outcome all combination of outcomes inside the frontier, e. g. point B for some reasons e. g. idespread unemployment, the economy produces less than it could from the resources it has available (300 cars & 1000 PCs) if source of inefficiency were eliminated, economy could move from point B to A, change magnitude production of both cars & PCs ( People face tradeoffs PPF shows one tradeoff society faces once we have reached the frontier, the only way of getting more of one good is producing less of the other (e. g. producing more PCs at the expense of producing less cars) ( The cost of something is what you have to give up (opp. cost) PPF shows the opportunity cost of one good as measured as measured in term of the other good (e. g. the opportunity cost of producing 200 more PCs is a 100 cars) Fig. 2 pic ( A SHIFT IN THE PPF an economic assign in the computer industry shifts the PPF outward increasing the number of cars and computers the economy can produce Fig. PPF is motion outward (can also be bowed inward) means the opportunity cost of cars in price of computers depends on how much of each good the economy is producing When economy uses most of resources to produce cars ( PPF is preferably steep Because even worke rs & machines best suited to making PCs are being used to make cars, the economy gets a substantial cast up in the number of computers for each car it gives up By contrast when economy is using most of its resources to make computers the PPF is quite flat resource best suited to make PCs are already in the computer industry and each car the economy gives up yields only a small increase in the number of PCs ( Slope of the PPF represents how much of one item you have to give up to produce the other item Videos for PPF http//www. youtube. com/ acquire? v=KPHyvOn8i6s&feature=related http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=a5rxIY46J7s TRADE nary(prenominal) 5 Trade can make everyone better off wherefore ( We have specialization, which has a downside we are interdependent e. g. Im depending on someone who is making bread why should people be voluntary to depend on the behavior of others because. people choose freely to break dependent ( so there must be some sort of benefit from it e . g. 2 producers (agents) one producer tater granger ( stump spudes (2 goods) cattle rancher ( effect effective Minutes/hours 8 hours/day peripheral opportunity cost of nucleus/potato Farmer Meat 60 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 1 oz Meat = 8 oz - 4 oz of pot. = 32/8 Potatoes 15 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 4 oz Potatoes = 32 oz - 1/4 oz of meat = 8/32 Rancher Meat 20 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 3 oz Meat = 24 oz - 2 oz of pot. = 48/24 Potatoes 10 min. 1 oz = 1h for 6 oz Potatoes = 48 oz - 1/2 oz of meat = 24/48 Unit oz of potato oz of potato oz of meat 8h (48/24) ( How do people decide on what to produce? more time for farmer to produce meat ( rancher is better/more productive what are the marginal opportunity costs how much meat does a farmer have to give up i. o. to get 1 unit of potatoes by reducing production of potatoes he would have more time to produce meat but 1 oz meat requires. 4 oz of potatoes but its just a linear relation ship how much has the fa rmer to give up in order to get 1 more unit of meat (what is opportunity cost)? rancher has a proportional expediency is less productive in producing potatoes but farmer is even less productive in producing meat derived from comparing the marginal opportunity cost ( Comparative advantage the comparison among producers of a good harmonise to their opportunity cost (who has the lower one? ) ( or absolute advantage for one product, when both produce more in time ( controlling advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity 1. Marginal opportunity cost of meat for each person is the inverse of the marginal opportunity cost of potatoes ( try to measure one good in terms of the VALUE of the other good 2. Production & consumption are no more equal like in autarky Good Minutes 8 hours/day Marginal opportunity cost of meat/potatoes Farmer Meat 60 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 1 oz Meat = 8 oz - 6 oz pot. = 48/8 Potatoes 10 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 6 oz Pot atoes = 48 oz - 0. 16 oz of meat = 8/48 Rancher Meat 20 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 3 oz Meat = 24 oz - 1 oz of pot. = 24/24 Potatoes 20 min. 1 oz = 1h for 3 oz Potatoes = 24 oz -1 oz of meat = 24/24 oz of potato Unit oz of pot oz of meat 8h (48/24) ( The rancher has an absolute advantage because he is more productive than the farmer Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) oz of meat 8 4 16 32 oz of pot ( p = c ( production = consumption) without trade (autarky) ( c bigger p (with trade consume more than can produce) if I already produce y meat, I can only produce y down the stairs the line is a drift of time and the line shows efficiency in terms of productivity and time, cant over is opportunity cost usually vend changes depending on where I am already ( Overall conclusion farmer should produce potatoes while the farmer should produce meat Assuming each of persons would split the time of production Farmer Rancher (without trade) p = c autarky meat prod. 4 o z 12 oz consumption 4 oz 12 oz potatoes prod. 16 oz 24 oz consumption 16 oz 24 oz meat pot. 0 oz = 30 oz (or changing the price 34 oz but relative price must be higher than opportunity cost to trade at all if he gets more from the trade than in the production, he would not produce and just trade) farmer rancher with trade meat prod. 0 oz 24 oz (18 oz) consumption 5 oz 19 oz (13 oz) potatoes prod. 32 oz 0 oz (12 oz) consumption 17 oz 15 oz (gives up 15 oz) (27 oz) although the farmer has to give up something, he is a little bit better off with trade the rancher is not better of because he consumes less potatoes than in autarky ( (now the rancher gets more in term of meat AND in terms of potatoes) can be applied to countries as well rough business relationship for international trade patterns (e. g when countries exporting cars and importing oil ( country has comparative advantage in producing cars) Questions to be answered so define what comparative & absolute advantage show in production possibility frontier who is producing what NOTES FOR EXERCISES FROM OTHER E. G. CHAPTER 2 get hold of How to define these words properly (definition can only be appropriate or not not remunerate or wrong) its not a question of personal appetency What is a Market A group of people suppliers (sellers) and buyers ( use up) of particular good or service (does not mean that its particularly delimitate or unique no general identification strategy competitive market each buyer and seller (individual) has a negligible effect on the market outcome (infinite no. of sellers and buyers) implications of perfect competitive markets buyers and sellers operate economically perfect (take price as given)? ( e. g. we have no influence over the price take the price as given in a supermarket (no bargaining no negotiation) ( buyers and sellers are both price takers in monopolies price taker vs. price setter Perfect Market and Competitive Market Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopson, Monopol istic Competition DEMANDQuantity Demanded is the amount of a good, that buyers are willing and able to purchase (now) Law of Demand States that, other things equal, the quantity commanded of a good falls when price of the good rises (slopes downward) Demand chronicle The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded. Demand Curve Q(p) = p ( function of p (y (x) = 2x) if price changes, the Qd changes MARKET DEMAND vs. INDIVIDUAL DEMAND ( everybody has a single demand the sum of it = market demand (for a special good demanded) ( demands are added horizontally pic Changes in Quantity Demanded ( result in an gallery ON the frizz, caused by a change in the price of the product pic Examples for incentives that induce a changed Qd 1. PRICE (given as a variable on the demand curve) 2.Consumer incomenormal good I increase ( Qd diminution I come down ( Qd decrease inferior good I increase ( Qd decrease I decrease ( Qd incr ease Normal Good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand small Good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand 3. Price of related goods Substitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other (e. g. orange juice & apple juice) P increase ( Qd increase P decrease ( Qd decrease Complements two good for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand of the other (e. g.DVDs & DVD-Players) P increase ( Qd decrease P decrease ( Qd increase 4. Tastes (fashion, food) economists only judge what happens when tastes change 5. Expectations may affect demand of a good or service today 6. Number of Buyers determines the Qd in a market toff increase ( Qd increase NoB decrease ( Qd decrease pic ( result in a shifts in the demand curve when Qd changes because of certain circumstances. But price doesnt change ( not only price can change demand a shift in the demand either to left (decrease) or the right (increase) ( caused by any change that alters the demand everything chuck out the price pic SUPPLYQuantity supplied (Qs) is the amount of a good that sellers are willing or able to sell (now) Law of cater states that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the other good rises (slopes upwards positively related) Supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity supplied pic usually the small q refers to the individual communicate (a firm) and the Q refers to the market cut (all firms in the market market come forth refers to the sum of all individual supplies for all sellers of a particular good or service ( individual supply curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market supply curve ( S(p) = S1(p) + S2 (p) + Sm(p) pic the sum of 2 individual supplies ($2 ( 3 cones $ 2 ( 4 cones = $ 2 ( 7 cones in the market supply if the suppliers (sellers) drop out of the market, the supply would increase with the price (the supply curve represents the set of profit maximizing quantities for firms) e. g supply function q(s) = -4 + 8p 0 = -4 + 8 8p = 4 p = ? ( is the minimum price required to get any firm to produce at all (within this given supply curve) ( if the price would be below ? the quantity supplied would be 0, so there would be no firm to produce at all slope change in price divided by change in quantity e. g. 0 ? 4 0 = 1/8 (slope), which doesnt change when the function is linear Change in the quantity supplied A rise in the price of ice cream results in a movement along the curve (law of supply), so when price changes nothing shifts Shifts of the upply curve Determinants of change in supply Any change that raises the quantity that sellers tender to produce at a given price shifts the supply curve to the right. Any change that lowers the quantity that sellers propen sity to produce at a given price shifts the supply curve to the left pic 1. Input prices (labor, material, land, rent anything that goes into the manufacturing process of the item in question) Input Pr. increase ( S decrease Input Pr. decrease ( S increase 2. Technology Technology increase ( S increase Technology decrease ( S decrease Techn. In economic terms is the process by which inputs are converted to outputs 3.Expectations supply today depends on future expectations e. g. when higher price of ice-cream expected in future ( store some ice cream ( supply less today 4. Number of sellers (only relevant in market supply) pic Supply and Demand together Equilibrium a website in which supply and demand have been brought into balance (quantity supplied equals quantity demanded Equilibrium Price the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. On a graph it its the price, where demand and supply curves intersect Equilibrium Quantity the quantity supplied and the quantit y demanded when the price has correct to balance supply and demand picCeterius Paribus other things being equal (latin) all variables other than the one being studied are assumed to be constant Markets Not in Equilibrium A)B) pic pic Surplus A situation in which the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded Shortage A situation in which the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied Law of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance A) when price for ice cream is over the sense of residue price ( quantity demanded is still 4, but the quantity supplied rises to 10 ( there are too many cones produced which cant be all sold (surplus) bec. f the low demand ( sellers have to reduce the price again (prices continues to fall until market reaches equlibrium) B) when price for ice cream is below the proportionality price ( quantity supplied 4 exceeds quantity demanded, which is now a t 10 (shortage of the good) ( sellers can raise the prices without losing sales as prices are rising the market moves again toward the equilibrium market activity of many buyers & sellers automatically pushes prices toward equil. (law of s & d) Once equil. is reached all buyers & sellers are satisfied & no upward or downward pressure on price lead go to Analyzing Changes in The Equilibrium analyzing the change in the market equilibrium through comparative statistics comparing two statistics new and old equilibrium Three steps to decide 1. Does event shift the supply curve, the demand curve, or both? 2. Does the curve shifts to the left or the right side? 3. utilize the supply-and-demand diagram to examine how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity A) HOW AN ontogenesis IN DEMAND AFFECTS THE EQUILIBRIUM. An event that raises quantity demanded at any given price shifts the demand curve to the right. The equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity both rise. Her e, an abnormally hot summer causes buyers to demand more ice cream.The demand curve shifts from D1 to D2, which causes the equilibrium price to rise from $2. 00 to $2. 50 and the equilibrium quantity to rise from 7 to 10 cones. A)B) picpic B) HOW A DECREASE IN SUPPLY AFFECTS THE EQUILIBRIUM. An event that reduces quantity supplied at any given price shifts the supply curve to the left. The equilibrium price rises, and the equilibrium quantity falls. Here, an quake causes sellers to supply less ice cream. The supply curve shifts from S1 to S2, which causes the equilibrium price to rise from $2. 00 to $2. 50 and the equilibrium quantity to fall from 7 to 4 cones. Shifts in the Curve vs. Movements along the CurveNotice that when hot weather condition drives up the price of ice cream, the quantity of ice cream that firms supply rises, even though the supply curve remains the same. In this case, economists understand there has been an increase in quantity supplied but no change in sup ply. Supply refers to the position of the supply curve, whereas the quantity sup- plied refers to the amount suppliers wish to sell. To summarize, a shift in the supply curve is called a change in supply, and a shift in the demand curve is called a change in demand. A movement along a improve supply curve is called a change in the quantity supplied, and a movement along a fixed demand curve is called a change in the quantity demanded. picpic A SHIFT IN both SUPPLY AND DEMAND.Here we observe a simultaneous increase in demand and decrease in supply. Two outcomes are possible. In grace (a), the equilibrium price rises from P1 to P2, and the equilibrium quantity rises from Q1 to Q2. (bec. large increase in demand and small decrease in supply) In panel (b), the equilibrium price again rises from P1 to P2, but the equilibrium quantity falls from Q1 to Q2. (because small increase in demand and large decrease in supply) pic pic NOTES gingersnap measures the responsivness for to the q uantity demanded and the quantity supplied to a change in the market price by 1 % measures percentage change in the quantity to a percentage change in price (or other determinants)Price gingersnap of Demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand (How do we react to price changes? ) 1. Necessities vs. sumptuosity goods (depends on personal perception but in general terms nonresilient vs. elastic) e. g. Food, shelter, clothes vs. diamonds, sailboats etc 2. Availability of close substitute (few vs. less = inelastic vs. elastic) 3. Market Definition (broad vs. narrowed e. g. Cars vs. Ford Focus Food vs. swag) 4. Time Horizon (short vs. long e. g. the adjustment over a short period of time to gasoline price changes vs. long period of time)