Elderly Sex Offenders: Causes, Crimes and Punishments

Elderly energize Offenders Causes, Crimes and Punish workforcetsIntroductionIn the recent historic period, the number of reported crimes involving geriatric offenders has increased, especially in depend upon related offences. Although in that respect is a recent spate of bring up offences, there has been minimal discussion with regard to sex offenders who commit their crimes in their halcyon years. Further more(prenominal)(prenominal), the media has been seen to portray the ripened as infirm and delicate targets for criminals, more than a perpetrator of crimes. This canvas will firstly define the ground rules and produce a common understanding of the be on range of the hoary. Part II of the essay will examine and discuss the types of offences committed by senile sex offenders, follow by the reasons for committing the sexual crimes. Part III of the essay will delve at the current punishments and treatments for geriatric sex offenders ground on guileless and irrefut able approach. Finally, Part IV will provide some recommendations on the way forward of patriarchal sex offenders. description of an Elderly PersonAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), more or slight of the countries worldwide take aim accepted the chronological get along with of 65 years as a definition of senile person (WHO, 2010). This definition as well coincides with the definition of time-worn in United States. In Singapore, however, the sr., or another(prenominal) known as senior citizen, own their status once they have reached the age of 55. Although senior citizenship starts from the age of 55, it is notable to note that Singaporeans retired at the age of 62 and statistics from the g everyplacenment actually delineate age 65 and in a higher place from the others when determining the age structure for the purpose of statistics (Statistic Singapore, 2010). Ironically, criminals whose age be 50 and above atomic number 18 not subjected to canning reg ardless of the offences committed, though the average vivification expectancy of Singaporeans is 81.4 (Male 79 and female 83.7). For the purpose of this essay, we will define age 65 and above to qualify as elder.Offenses Perpetrated by Elderly Sex OffendersWhile the majority of the sex offenders are pacify committed by younger men, statistics show that nearly 4 percent (2858 persons)of the sexual crimes in United States in 2006 were age 60 and above (Sullivan, 2007). Whereas in Singapore, there were 50 over sexual crimes in 2009 and bring out of the 50 over cases, less than 5 cases are fourth-year offenders. Generally, sex offences committed by fourth-year are more passive sexual activities as compared to younger sex offenders. Research has shown that elderly sex offenders are more presumable to commit non- untamed sexual offences much(prenominal) as pedophilia, fondling or molest, statutory rape, exposing of the genitals and other acts of exhibitionism (Eysenck Gudjonsson , 2000). For example, a recent case of 90 year-old Australian arrested and charged for raping four young sisters (age 5 to 7) whom he allegedly lured to his home in Thailand with imported chocolates and English lessons (Suchaovanich, 2010). In Singapore, a 68 year-old magician was arrested and charged for molesting a 12 year-old apprentice (SSN, 2009). Although there are many different scenarios of elderly sex offenders, these 2 incidents seem to bring up that elderly sex offenders frequently choose children as their victims and are more likely to do so than younger offenders. Potential reasons postulated that the elderly men have lost their charisma and are slackly unattractive to females. Also, the feature that grandfather image tend to be more trust worthy than younger men and this increases the opportunity of committing sexual crimes. Besides, young victims are less able to defend themselves and easier to bribe and less likely to report such incidents (Hucker, 1984).Possible Reasons for Sexual CrimesOther possible reasons seem to indicate that elderly sex offenders may be suffering from a lost sensory faculty of masculinity. Furthermore, sexual crimes are committed by elderly offenders who are tonicity less potent and less active in their golden age. It is postulated that by victimizing someone less powerful, the elderly is able to recover his lost conceit (Benett, 1987). Another postulation by Hucker and Ben-Aron (1987) seems to suggest that they are unable to physically live out their fantasies and hence, only capable of performing their desires in a limited sexual capacity. Additionally, it is also hypothesized that the elderly sex offenders are overwhelmed by typical problems such as social isolation and loneliness payable to separation from grown up kids, death of spouse or compensate poverty. One of the prison psychologists, Susan King felt that elderly offenders are still sexually driven. However, due to their health condition and potency, they become frustrated and whence acted on children simply because they are easy targets. Moreover, elderly sex offenders do not want to seek counseling or treatment (Rayburn, 2007). penalty or Treatment of Elderly Sex OffendersAccording to the Penal polity (Chapter 224, Section 375 and 376), the penalty for sex offences is imprisonment of not less than 8 years and not more than 20 years, and shall also be penalise with not less than 12 strokes of cane. Most of the countries have average judgment of conviction of 12 years for rapists but work over is not commonly utilize in some countries such as United States and some African nations. Usually, a criminal jurist system is more inclined towards the classical approach as this theory is very policy oriented and concentrates on establishing and operating a criminal justice system that is rule-based, consistent and certain (Joyce, 2006). Punishments meted out by such system are familiarly acted as a form of deterrence to members of public from committing crimes. Other than the classical approach, positivist theory is another approach to deal with crimes. Rather than focusing on the law and the offence committed, this approach looks into the contributing factors leading to the crime. It advocates treatment and reformation over punishments. However, more often than not, when elderly sex offenders are convicted of their crimes, the head that will be normally raised, what to do with these criminals? Which approach to be apply? While there is a strong disinclination of locking the feeble and frail elderly into the prison and spend his final years, nobody would result a sex offender to be roaming in the streets and inflicts harm on the children. In United States, sex offenders are banished from the towns and they are restricted from dungeon 750 meters within the streets and schools. They were forced to live under bridges and homeless (Kelley, 2010). In fact, many of these elderly sex offenders are first time r with no prior criminal record of any sexual or other offense (Hart, 2008). If Singapore were to impose such restrictions, we will see sex offenders congregating outside the city and this would have other repercussions and inadvertently prepare other social problems in the society.Another important aspect that watch and shape the publics perception is the power of media as it exerts an imperative influence on the popular perception of the nature and effect of crime. Just because sex, violence and fray sells newspaper, it actually enables profit-run mass media companies to publish and sensationalize stories that the public would generally be provoke in reading and watching so as to boost the gross sales and advertising revenue. However, the media is not providing an accurate portrayal of the news and allows deviance elaboration and moral panic to set in. In essence, the members of public forms their opinions of the offences and crimes based on what they read and watch. Take it for instance, the media in Singapore has always portrayed the elderly as frail and frightened, being the victims of robbery rather than perpetrators of crimes.RecommendationsBesides the usual classical system meted to punish elderly offenders, the system should advocates for a kind-hearted treatment of elderly sex offenders because the elderly offenders tend to be non-aggressive in their acts, possess low recidivism rate and deprived of notable social, health and kind problems (Hucker, 1984). In fact, evidence from Steffensmeier (1995) seems to imply that elderly sex offenders receive more lenient sentences than the younger offenders. One possibility for reconciling the differences in sentencing superpower be due to the fact that elderly sex offenders are generally less aggressive towards their victims and are more likely to commit non-violent sexual offenses when compared to younger sex offenders. Some of the elderly sex offenders suffer from sicknesses such Parkinson disease, Alzheimers, dementia and other elderly illnesses. As such, by sending the elderly sex offenders to the prison may aggravate their health condition because the prisons are geared primarily for young offenders and it has little emphasis placed on special problems of incarcerating the elderly offenders. Moreover, increased numbers of elderly offenders will oppose to an increased in the medical cost and facilities required for the elderly.With the increase in elderly offenders, setting up an elderly prison might be worthwhile considering as the prison can be tailored to the elderly offenders special needs such as medical and psychological facilities and equipment ready(prenominal) for the offenders. In the state of Nevada in United States, the governor implemented a special needs program for different groups of offenders such as the elderly offenders, pregnant offenders, sex offenders and etc (NDOC, 2007). The Ministry of Home Affairs could perhaps set apart certain percentage of the allocated funds to run such program when elderly offenders have increased substantially.For a stronger deterrence message to prevent elderly offenders from committing sexual crimes, the government should also review the Penal Code and relook into the caning requirements, if the countrys law and order is based on classical approach. As brought up earlier, caning for age 49 and below does not coincide with the animateness expectancy as well as the criteria age for elderly. The government should rescript the mandatory caning requirement to age 64 and below for spartan offences and caning can still be carried out for age 65 and above subjected to medical examination. In this way, the punishment meted can transmit a stronger deterrence signal to future elderly sex offenders. For a justice system to be more effective and encompassing, the government should consider a mixture of both the classical and positivist approaches.ConclusionWhile elderly sex offenders only account for a small percentage of sexual crimes committed, it is definitely alarming that an elderly who has lived within the norms of society for their entire manner can commit such horrendous acts at such a late stage in their life and turn into a gloomy old man. Nevertheless, elderly sex offenders are generally less violent and their intention is never to harm their victims, the crime is committed purely out of personal gratification. With the increase in elderly offenders, dedicated prisons are recommended for elderly offenders and they can make use of the medical facilities for their health and mental treatment.

The essence of strategic marketing

The meat of st arraygic martThis report designed to provide pr promptical recomm reverseations on instalmenting commercializes, tailing particular proposition customers, and location effectively SGNs do in china grocery.Having turn to the purpose of STP, it has ascertained that SGNs competitive advantages and potential competitors, the breakdown and targeting markets decisions for SGN thus proposed to expend geodemographic variables as sectionalization bases. The devil member profilers of SGN were formed after exercised profound variables. Profiler 1 is a class of aged citizens of age 60 and to a blueer(prenominal) place and profiler 2 is a root word of middle age citizens from 40 to 60 years senescent works professionals. Upon evaluation of market attractiveness of these two distinct segments, it is advised that SGN targets both segments, adopting toilsome trade schema, via single trade potpourri. military stupefy strategy adopted by SGN is much for l ittle jimmy hypnotism and view statement as To senior citizens, SGN offers the ut closely personalize ancient assist at their collection plate.Read this report for SGN practical trade tool to easily deal with the challenges and exploit market opportunities that drive additive revenue and increased profitability. The whole point of this proposal is to assist with fool crack segmenting, targeting, billet and decision making, be sure that focus on the approximately appropriate strategies that provide the most opportunity, least risk, and elevatedest performance for SGN.TABLE OF circumscribe demonstration 5Background of the club and the Service Chosen 6Literature Review of the Segmentation, Targeting and setConcept research this theoretical under(a)pinnings of this archetypeand critique . 7 primer for Proposed Segmentation and Targeting for SGNs Service 16 seat for Proposed Positioning for SGNs portion . 21Annual agendum for the Programme including selling c ipher/Expenditure .... 24 culture . 25References .. 261. IntroductionThis report aims to develop and propose the Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning strategies for the personalized elderly home-c ar service in china, offered by Sunrise Greyc argon Network Co. Ltd (SGN). Chapter 2 briefly describes the SGN certification and up to 24-hour service that is provided for the senior citizens in mainland China.Segmentation, targeting and spatial relation concepts from various books are critically assessed and discussed in Chapter 3.Chapter 4 contains valuable training of the basis of proposed cleavage and targeting for SGNs service and Chapter 5 discusses on the positioning map, competitive advantages and value proposition of SGNs service.Chapter 6 tabulates the annual schedule of the programme that includes selling budget/expenses and the terminal conclusion testament be made in Chapter 7.2. Background of the Company and the Service ChosenCompany ProfileSunrice Gray feel fo r Network Co.,Ltd (SGN) is specializing in offer home- foundelder cautiousness service up to 24-hour to families in China. SGN grows its first footprint in capital of Red China to offer a curious proposition to senior citizens. The whole team is dedicated to improving the quality lives of the elderly.SGN helps with either facet of daily living, from escorting on appointments and companionship, to housekeeping and personalized healthy screening to the seniors. Above all, elderly are always enjoying a safely and comfortably at each home with SGN address, instead of staying at treat house.Mission StatementVision To make SGN the cover song of mind company for senior circumspectionMission supplement our unique strengths to render reliable service and carethat exceed clients expectation. creed Work with passion, commitment and professionalism3. Literature Review of the Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Concept research this theoretical underpinnings of this concept and criti que3.1 Introduction of Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning (STP) securities industry segmentation, targeting and positioning are the three steps, as shown in be emit Figure 3.1, that round top management has to decide before the implementation of any marketing be after in a company.Figure 3.1 Steps in Market Segmentation, Targeting and PositioningMarket segmentationIdentify bases for segmenting the marketDevelop segment profilesMarket targetingDevelop measures of market attractivenessSelect target segmentsMarket positioningDevelop positioning for target segmentsDevelop a marketing mix for each segment stem Armstrong, Kotler Da silva (2006, p.213)These steps are defined by Armstrong, Kotler Da Silva (2006) as followsMarket segmentationDividing a market into distinct convocations with distinct reads, characteristics, or behaviours who might fill separate harvest-times or marketing mixes.Market TargetingThe process of evaluating each market segments attractiveness and selec ting iodin or more segments to enter.Market positioning pose for a product to occupy a clear, distinctive, and desirable place congeneric to competing products in the minds of target customers.3.2 Market segmentationMarket segmentation is the act of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers with contrastive subscribe tos, characteristics, or behaviors who might aim separate products or marketing mixes (Armstrong, Kotler Da Silva 2006).Market segmentation is pre-requisite to gravel the right market and mountain at a maximum. It drives markets increase and increases sales to the chore profitability from authors viewpoint.The effectiveness of segmentation should be measurable, accessible, substantial, variousiable and actionable (Smith 2003).Segmentation helps to see the target customers more effectively. The customers have different requirement and aims and influenced by different media. A segment is a unique group of customers who share some common characteristics that make them different from other groups of customers (Smith 2003). Some segments have different needs, require different versions of the corresponding product, pay different tolls, buy in different places, corporationnister be reached by different media (Smith 2003).Consumer markets can be segmented by umpteen different variables which include geographic, demographics or social statistics, geodemographics, psychographics and behavioralistics. Smith (2003) explains these five categories as below(1) Geographic categorized by location which includes streets, towns, cities, regions, countries, continents, and climate, population niggardliness and so on.(2) demographics (social statistics) segmented by age, gender, marital view, breeding cycle, social class, education, course type, social class, income take aim, because ofconsumers needs and wants change with to a higher place-menti whizzd elements.(3) Geodemographics this mixes geographic and demographic data to create categories of house-type with locations.(4) Psychographics segment market based on populations lifestyle, personality, attitudes in uniformity of their psychological feature. Lifestyle is often segmented by marketer among others factors.(5) Behavioralistics bahavioral segmentation reflects the benefits consumer enjoyed and the consumption rate of products or services. Different consumer seeks benefits differently from own perspective. The consumers are divided by light, medium and heavy level as per individuals frequence of usage.The other type of segmentation, according to Smith (2003) is industrial, governmental or business-to- business markets. The organizational markets are segmented by personal characteristics of organizational customers and the benefits sought. The most common profilers for organizational markets are grouped as followsType of organizationSize of organization (heavy or light user)Geographical location collective cultureOperating characteristicsJob titlePur chasing approachesApart from above profiles, it is felt that marketer too needs to find out who is the end user of organization so as to better understand the acquire customers wants and needs. How the customers would use the product or service, the answer helps improve or put in the product or service to satisfy customers needs. Identify the usage rate which affects sales volume and sales forecast. Lastly, who is the purchasing person and the relationship with purchasing organization is very pertinent to the markets segmentation, because the product or service can be segmented precisely to the buyers once corporate strategies and demands are advantageously perceived.Researchers from McKinsey and others institutes have studied commodity markets, it showed that even customers in commodity market are classified by three segments. Customers concerned about embody more than quality who are Price-sensitive buyers. Whereas, people go for quality purity and deliverables-focused fall into service segment. The commitment customers are close to amount value, thereby winning a huge-term relationship (Doyle 2002).While E-commerce is impacting the lives and lifestyle of people, umteen people prefer to research the related products and rely on the meshwork as guidance before purchase. In the Reverse Segmentation pinpointed by Kotler, Jain and Maesinecee (2002), customers inform companies of their likes, dislikes and other key messages by answering online questionnaire. The information can be used by the company to construct customer segments. The company can then develop appropriate offerings for the different segments. Marketers can respond to reverse marketing by paying attention to the customers foursome Cs enhanced customer value, lower cost, improved convenience, and better communion (Kotler, Jain Maesincee 2002). They need to explore the customers cognitive space, assess the companys competency space, and jinx the collaborators resource space (Kotler, Jain Maesincee 2002).Although segment variables vary with different products or services, the author feels that demographics is the most easiest and fastest way to segment the markets which can be measurable and differentiable in marketplace. The strengths are these information of demographics are quite steadfast compare with others categories, people can change their location, lifestyle scarcely most of people cannot change age and gender. The data can be attained from local anesthetic authorities and other professional organizations without or less costs.3.3. Market TargetingTarget marketing evaluates each market segments attractiveness and selects one or more segments to serve (Armstrong, Kotler Da Silva 2006).To target the beat out market segments, the company should analyze each segments size and growth (product life cycle), profitability and competition, structural attractiveness and compatibilities with company objectives and resources (Armstrong, Kotler Da Silva 2006 ).Chaston (1999) also mentions that the identified segment must be of an adequate size, the higher costs of servicing customers needs can be recovered through charging higher prices, the segment is accessible to the supplier and the selected marketing position is resistant to the posterior entry of competitors.According to Armstrong, Kotler Da Silva (2006) and Doyle (2002), selecting the silk hat target segments remove below strategies which depend on company resources and product itselfUn tell apart marketing offers a product for potty market, requires mass production, mass distribution and mass promotion for the like product to all consumers without differences among segments.Differentiated marketing develops different market offers for two or more segments.Concentrated marketing deferral market focuses on completely one or a few market segments. It is especially favored by companies with contain resources.Micromarketing it includes local marketing and individual marketin g. Products or services are tailor-made in search of unique needs from specific individuals and locations.Above are concepts of common target marketing strategies and marketers often adapt to one of them to market their products/services.The author favours concentrated marketing because it provides a strong foundation to build up story and gain a great market share effectively. This marketing strategy also helps small company to reduce costs and maintain high prices. However, there is a risk involved as once the segment grows rapidly, it will likely attract larger competitors.Market PositioningPositioning is all about how a product or service is positioned or perceived in the minds of a target group of customers. It answers the question why will someone in the target market(s) buy my product or service instead of the competitors? (Lodish, Morgan Kallianpu 2001).the Statesn academics Aaker and Shansby categorized all the variables into six groups as follows (Smith 2003)Attribute, eg gentleness, ruggedness, tastefulPrice and quality, eg premium-quality image or value-basedUse or application, eg associations with a particular situation or occasion for useUser, eg linking the product or service to types of users, lifestyles, profilesProduct class, eg positioning in diet foods or in normal foodsCompetitors, eg positioning against a competitor and competitive advertisingperceptual maps help to devise positionings and repositionings. Product positioning maps are drawn with their axes dividing the biz into four quadrants. This is because most of the parameters upon which they are based typically range from high to low and the two attributes usually considered are quality and price. However, it is felt that real-life product positioning maps will be more complex as there involves a number of dimensions, apart from the two attributes being considered.A products position is a complex set of perceptions, impressions and feeling that consumers have for the product comp ared with competing products. A product or service must differentiate its offer by building a unique bundle of benefits that appeals to a substantial group within the segment. Beyond the product differentiation, companies also can be differentiated by hiring better people which overtake other competitors. everydayly, there are five winning value propositions to brand the products positionings more for more, more for the like, the same for less, less for much less, or more for less (Armstrong, Kotler Da Silva 2006).Doyle (2002) adds that companies must gauge the 4 criteria so as to structure the derivative advantages properly among customers. Successful marketer will always design the products or services that are unique, sustainable, profitable and offering benefits to customers.Overall, the author feels positioning is an issuance of differentiation strategy, the outcome of positioning ultimately is to create and anchor a market value proposition into the minds of targeted cust omers within segmented territory. It is proved that products unique proposition is associated with strong marketing communications and planning, in which deliver the heedful position and convey the key message to target customers along a continuum. The distinctive benefit, chosen position and brand awareness take a long time to plot and map out through unchanging market effort.Although customers hardly change the original product perception in mind, but marketers often choose to repositioning the product when the target markets changes.4. ground for Proposed Segmentation and Targeting for the Service ChosenArmstrong, Kotler Da Silva (2006) have a checklist of segmentation bases which serves a knife to slice or carve up the segments correctly. Marketer must draw a close attention to the temper of the product and market, to select the most relevant variables for the best segmentation bases.Demographic variables age, disposable income, gender, occupation etcGeographic variables ur ban, suburban, rural etcBehavioral variables benefit, occasion, usage, loyalty status etcSunrise Graycare Network (SGN) divides customers into different groups based on age, income level, location and population density.China has the largest elder population in the world, which accounts for one fifth of the worlds total older population. The older population over 60 is 143 million by 2004, accounting for 10.97% of the total population. on that point are 11 provinces and municipal cities which are above the national average in population ageing. capital of Red China is among top of them is about 13.66% (Xiao 2007).According to the latest statistics released by 2010, the elderly population of capital of Red China has reached 2.54 million (CPDRC 2010). Beijings graying population is pass judgment to grow to 6.5 million by 2050, when one in three people will be older than 60, the aging committee estimates (Cao Quan 2009).The shortfall of elder care service can be seen in Beijing. A n example for whose nurse homes can only accommodate 9,924 people retributory 0.6% of the senior population.With longer life expectancy, growing affluence and the effectuate of Chinas stringent One Child Law policy leaving the elderly with a child unable to care for them (Retirement Homes 2005).Aging residents in China usually are traditionally taken care of by their children. However, straightaway young peoples lifestyles have been changed, job competition caused growing work pressures, invariably overtime and anxiety. Many young couples turn to professional service to behavior after their parents and grandparents (Zhang 2010). A great shortfall in eldercare in China is a serious problem caught attention by government.Seeing the size of the graying population, SGNs segment groups specifically are working adults and 60 years old and above old people in Beijing. Working professionals at middle-age who need to take after both parents and parents in law, they will also need to r aise and educate their children simultaneously. These people born in the 40s to 60s are get up generation, they are often very tired in keeping eternal rest between life and work.A salary written report conducted by America Huiyue Company showed that Beijing Managers earn the juiciest salary, earning the highest salary among other cities in China (AsiaInfo Services 2002). It is believed that these people have sound financial condition and need professional care to lighten their burden.The feature of SGNs locations is a great access to very famous hospitals where potential clients frequently visit with their parents. SGN businesss located in golden districts and only take about 5-10 minutes walking keep to the hospitals and residential areas.Hence, the segmentation bases zoom SGN target groups in two better segments as belowSegmentationAgeIncome LevelLocation existence densitySegment Profiler 160 and aboveRMB24,000 p.a. and above downtown in Beijing, adjacent to local communiti es eminentSegment Profiler 240 to 60RMB36,000 p.a. and aboveDowntown in Beijing, adjacent to local communitiesHighAs Doyle (2002) specifies that there are five factors govern the attractiveness of the segment, to witSegment sizeSegment growthProfitability of the segment live and potential competitionCapabilities of the businessAfter evaluating the two different market segments, SGNs targeting markets are chosen for both segment 1 and 2 based on the five factors. Due to SGN is a start- up company with limited resources, therefore, concentrated marketing strategy (or niche marketing) is deployed for the two targeting markets. The detailight-emitting diode compend on attractiveness of the chosen targeting markets is as follows1. Segment sizeBy 2050, the elderly Chinese will outnumber the entire U.S. population (USA get together Nations Department of Public Information 1999), the elderly population in Beijing is about 2.54 million in 2010 (CPDRC 2010). Such a large size of targeting group determined SGNs market prospective.2. Segment growthBeijings graying population is expected to grow to 6.5 million by 2050, when one in three people will be older than 60, the aging committee estimates (Cao Quan 2009). The data indicated clearly that the potential growth is positive, in other words, the peak of elderly service will not be ebbed but upsurge instead.3. Profitability of the segmentSGN used concentrated marketing strategy to market efficiently, which reduced marketing costs but focused to best serve consumers in the same way and to achieve profitability. The nature of business is considered a low enthronization yield high returns. No inventory worries.The other side, the eldercare business in China, according to Service Industry Tax Rebate Policy under Chapter 12.1 Elderly Service, it stipulated that agency for elderly service, disabled service, matchmaker agency, funeral service will not be taxed for the beginning of 3 years of business (BJ local Taxation Bur eau 2010). It seems that the local government is actively promoting eldercares business by waiving off business tax and it is believed that there will be more benefits coming. It showed that SGN targeting markets can be most profitable.4. Current and potential competitionThere is still a big gap to be filled and catered for the lout graying population in China. Currently theres no direct competitor in Beijing, the competition will not be fierce. Although a numerous nursing homes and household agencies in local market are seen as verifying competitors, but SGN is the first company only practicing home-based eldercare service for aged 60 and above seniors, it makes SGN the top of mind company before any other rivals presence.5. Capabilities of the businessSGN established a team which is filled with versatile leading who will inspire people to render the professional senior care to the targeting groups. The manpower capability is one of the companys key competitive advantages for bu siness sustainable. SGN is hiring a pool of qualified and capable people to take challenging tasks every day, provided with on-job training regularly for continually business productivity. With sufficient staff on board, it is enabled to maximize business sales volume on daily basis.SGN office sites are located in four primary districts in Beijing. It serves as an extensive network to attract senior residents in each district.5. Basis for Proposed Positioning ChosenBelow Figure 5.1 shows the positioning map of verifying competitors and proposed SGNs position for on-going market situationFigure 5.1 Positioning subroutine timbrePriceLowHighHighLow clop ACluster BCluster C= Indirect competitors= SGNSource Adapted from Armstrong, Kotler and Da Silva (2006, p.236)According to recent research and survey conducted by SGN, it is found that the two important attributes that customers want are Quality Service and Price. These survey results are plotted in a positioning map as per Figure 5. 1, which illustrates the existence of three clusters in the current China market.Clusters A, B and C are indirect competitors for elderly care service, they are either nursing homes, household agencies or hourly amah service. The brands bundled together within Cluster A considered prestige segment collectable to high price and good service (quality), Cluster B represents the brands that are categorized in middle segment, their price and service ranked in average range. Those brands in Cluster C are pricing low and qualities are also in low level, competitors in Cluster C fall into economic segment.It is proposed that SGN positions itself as more for less for its value proposition, as shown in Figure 5.1. This value proposition is most welcome by customers and will enable us to greatly differentiate from these indirect competitors.SGN has the next competitive advantagesI. FocusSGN is only focusing in aged care solution, committed to deliver the highest standard quality of work to elderly for better quality of life.II. Home sweet homeDespite of the modern nursing homes are equipped with most advanced facilities, it is always clean or sterilized all the while. The caregivers are professional and sympathetic, but people just feel aging there is depressing in China. Home is the best place to stay is what SGN endorse and practice. The environment is a key to go over that clients enjoy themselves to a greater extent.III. Comprehensive serviceSGNs unique in-home care is covering all concerns from elderly people, from physical level to spiritual level needs, which other competitors are not able to fulfill some specific requirements.IV. StaffSGNs dedicated team is well-trained knowledgeable personnel with pleasant personality. General Practice Team is to handle the daily routine work for older people, medical and health care is handled by interdisciplinary team led by Geriatric Care Manager.V. Service agitateSGNs service charge is subjected to the frequency and dur ation. SGN service charge is more flexible than other competitors, price options will enlarge client base and engage them from short-term to long term clients through their experience.The benefit chosen for SGNs positioning statement isSGN is the only service specialist for home-based elderly service.Hence, the overall positioning statement for SGN isTo senior citizens, SGN offers the utmost personalized elderly service at their home.6. Annual Schedule for the Programme including marketing Budget/ExpenditureAnnual Schedule -Year of 2011a) Budget and Deployment PlanCountryJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAug folkOctNovDecMarketing BudgetTotal BudgetBeijing, China-Ads (ATL BTL)-Open House (package promotion) E-marketing Printed collaterals Referral outlineChinese New Year Feb 03-05-Ads (ATL BTL) E-marketing Roadshow (community alliance)-Referral scheme Ads (ATL BTL) Open House (package promotion) E-marketing Referral scheme moil Day May 01- 03 Ads (ATL BTL) E-marketing Roadshow (community alliance) Referral scheme-Ads (ATL BTL)-Open House (package promotion) E-marketing Printed collaterals Referral schemeDragon gravy boat Festival June 06 Ads (ATL BTL) E-marketing Roadshow (community alliance) Referral scheme-Ads (ATL BTL)-Open House (package promotion) E-marketing Printed collaterals Referral scheme Ads (ATL BTL) E-marketing Roadshow (community alliance) Referral schemeMid-Autumn Festival Sep 12National Day Holiday (Oct 01-06)-Ads (ATL BTL)-Open House (package promotion) E-marketing Printed collaterals Referral scheme Ads (ATL BTL) E-marketing Roadshow (community alliance) Referral scheme-Ads (ATL BTL)-Open House (package promotion) E-marketing Printed collaterals Referral scheme Ads (ATL BTL) E-marketing Roadshow (community alliance) Referral schemeCost EstimateRMB5.000.00RMB3,000.00RMB5,000.00RMB3,000.00RMB5,000.00RMB3,000.00RMB5,000.00RMB3,000.00RMB5,000.00RMB3,000.00RMB5,000.00RMB3,000.00RMB48,000.00RMB50,000.00 SGN 2011TotalRMB48,000.007. Conclusi onUpon segmentation, two distinct segments were identified and evaluated of their market attractiveness. It is recommended that SGN targets both segments, adopting concentrated marketing strategy, via single marketing mix. These two segments are Profiler 1 is a group of senior citizens of age 60 and above and profiler 2 is a group of middle age citizens from 40 to 60 years old working professionals.The positioning strategy proposed for SGN is more for less value proposition and positioning statement as To senior citizens, SGN offers the utmost personalized elderly service at their home.

Criminal Technology Past To Future Criminology Essay

Criminal engine room Past To early Criminology Essay engineering science continues to inter transform at a rapid tempo after one type of engineering science is released a nonher usu all(prenominal)y prolongs fit forth to compliment the commencement ceremony or to replace it. The same is true with policing elans as the earned run averages changed the technology changed and shaped how officers handle situations. With so much technology out there it makes you wonder what could possibly be left. The truth is technology ordain never cease to change, just as policing styles entrust acquit to change to adapt.INTRODUCTIONOver the years and through several eras policing has changed, along with the change of policing styles came the formation and implementation of technology that helped them along the way. From the political era to the to a greater extent than red-brick day community policing era was found recently to be lacking in products that were already universe marketed . By the time we caught up we realized a little to late that these items we lend oneself instantly could throw been in place and were available 30 to 40 years earlier. How did we first start with technology, when did we finally catch up and what argon our best advances so far and what yet do we essay coming ? I willing explore this in the paper as we stop shortcuts through medieval eras their technological uses and advance through each era to post modern day technology, the benefits these contri besidese and what they got under wraps for our next step into technological advances in policing.earned run averagesPolicing, as we know it today has developed from various political, economic, and social forces. To founder understand the role of guard in society, one has to know the chronicle of how policing became what it is today. Policing has been categorized into three basic eras, which include the Political Era, Reform Era, and lastly the fellowship Problem-Solving Era that is the present form of policing.Political EraPolicing style was quasi military consisting of a decentralized com mankindd structure resulting in control over precincts by ward leaders. An assigned officer was incessantly closely tied to the neighborhood, slowness of communications and transportation limited officers tint with central command. Citizens were able to bring complaints to the officers that could be dealt with it on the spot as officers patrolled on stern. Based on their discretion these officers dealt with problem in concurrence of the values and norms of the neighborhood of which they were in.During this time more or less officers came armed with the technology of a gun and a nightstick. Today these atomic number 18 still the first weapons of survival when called upon to use force. Telegraphs and telephones as comfortably as police call boxes were the saucy jump in communications technology during this era. While the start of investigations with the Bertillon system of rules for miserable Identification and fingerprint horror scenes withal became apply.Reform EraThe Reform Era brought about concerns of political influencing on policing. People effected to slide by the involvement of politics to making policing much professional. With these changes more advances in technology were also implemented. Transportation and communication put police where they could receive calls from a central location and dispatch officers as well to respond more quickly over a widespread location. Police started decreasing the national aid to focus on combating crime. Police were hired based on qualifications not affiliations, the reform wanted police with detachment and a greater commitment to training.Reform policing had three key operational parts foot patrol was replaced by cars equipped with the two-way radios as cars were creation used to commit crimes. The availability of cars also meant more ground could be covered. motorize police patrol wa s becoming a method of crime control. rapid Response was important in three ways the first was you create a better chance at catching a criminal if you stack reach the scene quickly, better chance of clearing the campaign if the criminal is caught. Most importantly the time in which it took to respond to a call was being judged because rapid response had become possible and the community not only required entirely also expected it.Investigations became a huge part of policing as these technologies were advancing. Policing was becoming more professional as their social services programs declined. Police started using spick-and-span scientific techniques to follow up criminal investigations as they offered officers better incentives. Many technologies formed in this era were the foundation for much of what is used today. The only thing that has really changed is the way the techniques are applied. The use of chooseed and targeted patrol has increased prioritizing calls in an eff ort to get to more important calls first and case masking to avoid wasting time on cases that were likely not exit to be solved. These refinements to the techniques of this era are known as strategic policing.Community EraThe Community Policing Era was brought on from The Professional Eras. There was also wide spread concern about the effectiveness and limitations of policing and their behavior overdue to officers frustrations with battling the same crime over and over (Uknown).In the 1960s the presidents relegating on criminal justice is the main foundation in numerous of today changes found in law enforcement. The crime rate in the 60s had a dramatic increase, thus the organisation decided it was time to inquire the way the criminal justice system was run and how it could be make better. Cultural diversity and many different changes in the social structures of communities caused tralatitious policing to be less effective than before. System visionaries and police executives saw the helplessness system and started working on a plan to make it better.The mid-seventies new program safe and clean neighborhoods was formed it was intended to modify living conditions. Money was provided to take policemen of their cars and place them on foot patrol. This new program made calls to crimes more difficult, response slower, the work harder. withal though crime rates were not reduced it made citizens feel more at ease as it reduced their fears in these areas (H.Verschaeve, 2004).Within this era to present times new technologies came to surface due to the fact the presidents crime commission found a technology gap. Today this technology plays a huge role in how policing is mandated. Commissioners called for the introduction and establishment of a exclusive telephone number to call the police, with this came the launch of 911 the one number for police and fire departments.Not long after came the computerization age being brought into policing these computer were used to not only for record keeping but also found useful for criminal investigations, crime analysis and budgeting. The most important computer based program after computers introduction of the content Crime Information Center (NCIC), at heart the NCIC everything was stored and index from fugitives, missing persons and stolen property. This was a lot the first technology used by police for computers during this time. The Automated fingerprint Information System (AFIS) was the next essential development in policing efforts it had a grave disadvantage as other states did not give birth devil to that data.Soon came patrol cars came equipped with their own computers with reporting systems and auto fingerprinting systems. As obstacles were seen during this time they worked to overcome the obstacle of incompatible technologies (Seaskate, 1998)Impact Technology had on PolicingTechnology has had an impact of making high quality information quickly available. With the capability of b eing able to collect information they are able to analyze and share data with stakeholders not only inside but also outside of government. Earliest applications included traffic misfortune files established in 1960s, since then programs for statistics operations and management program homework went underway. The machine that is so complex tool that it helps makes decisions for strategic planning and man to machine interactions. The success of these computers have been favorable. Users routine data processing is so highly structures it has proven to be rather effective and the implementation female genitalia be made with ease.However impact of the computer will set off from one department to the next making it difficult to generalize. It is perceivable that the impacts of a different reputation are contemplated in structural changes, as direct major organizational shifts are not expected. For example it is perceived that use of computers will continue to result and has resulted in power shifts generally oratory raises in one persons decision making at the expense of another.Trends of this nature that seem to be occurring for example a shift in work activities related to routine and recording tasks, one of the biggest fears of technology is people being replaced by machines. When actually introduction of the computers increased jobs they needed people to broadcast out the computers data processing work (Colton, 1973).Current Advancements in TechnologyOne of these would be the advancement of deoxyribonucleic acid evidence DNA lavatory identify criminals with 99.9% accuracy information when biological evidence exists. There are DNA databases where samples of DNA are stored when someone has been convicted of a charge where DNA was involved. This system, called the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), maintains DNA profiles obtained under the federal, state, and local anaesthetic systems in a set of databases that are available to law enforcement agencies s oft touchwise the country for law enforcement purposes and came into existence in the late mid-eighties. In line of battle to take advantage of the investigative potential of CODIS, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, states began passing laws requiring offenders convicted of certain offenses to provide DNA samples. Currently all 50 states and the federal government have laws requiring that DNA samples be salt away from some categories of offendersThe benefits of this advancement is DNA Is so immaculate it can observe a fairness in the criminal justice it so accurate it can exonerate persons previously charged with a crime they did not commit due to negative matches in DNA (Using DNA to figure out Crimes, 2003).Another advancement in technology is Automatic Number case Recognition (ANPR) its a surveillance method used for several reasons from electronic tolls to traffic enforcement. The benefits are that it can be used through active closed circuit television or road rule enf orcement television cameras and can read licenses plates on vehicles traveling up to 100 mph. The other benefits is that the pictures the camera takes is stored some are configured to even photograph the driver. It is able to take picture anytime of the day by using infrared lighting (Unknown, 2010). afterlife Roles of TechnologyHonestly the future of technology is surveillance equipment, what the military and government officials have coming out right now is absolutely surprise but the cross the border of privacy rights. The newest technology I see being implemented is TWS otherwise known as Through the debate Surveillance, which is so advanced it can detect any slight proceeding such as breathing through a solid wall. As technology advances new ideas are always forming there are little chips that can be implanted in people as well as sunglasses that have chips that will scan people as they walk by and will tell you their names and maybe a few lines about them. Other technolog ies already in effect but not yet widely used is facial recognition. The new biometric technology could be become a mainstream of the technological world but when does it cross the line of privacy? (Unknown, Modern Marvels Survelliance Technology, 2004)CONCLUSIONSo you see as each era has gone by not only have the policing changed but also technology changed as well to suit its style. Even though some could have been implemented as early as 30 to 40 years earlier there must have been a reason it was not yet put into place. Even now there are things we can use that are not in place maybe because we are not capable of off context the expenses, or there is concerns of availability and crossing the lines of privacy. With this new technology blossom and just on the horizon it makes me also wonder if the policing style will change with it.

The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

The Indian pharmaceutic IndustryThe Indian pharmaceutic Industry now is in the front rank of Indias science- found industries with wide ranging capabilities in the complex field of do do medicatess manufacture and plan science. A highly organized domain, the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is estimated to be deserving, $4.5 one zillion million million, learning at nigh 8 to 9 portion one-yearly. It ranks really high in the thirdly dry land, in term of technology, flavor and range of medicines manufactured. From simple headache pills to innovative antibiotics and complex cardiac compounds, near every type of medicine is straightaway do indigenously.The depend of purely Indian pharmaceutical companies is fairly humiliated. Indian pharmaceutical labor is mainly ope esteemd and control guide by dominant inappropriate companies having subsidiaries in India referable to availability of cheap labour in India at worst cost.Most pharmaceutical companies opera ting in India, even the multinationals, employ Indians al comely about exclusively from the lowest ranks to high level management. Mirroring the social structure, firms ar very hierarchical.Homegrown pharmaceuticals, like many other businesses in India, be ofttimes a mix of human race and private enterprise.Although many of these companies atomic bod 18 publically possess, leadership is passed from father to son and the founding family holds a majority share.In 2002, all oer 20,000 registered medicate manufacturers in India sold $9 trillion worth of locutions and volume doses. 85% of these conventionulations were sold in India while oer 60% of the multitude drugs were merchandiseed, mostly to the United States and Russia. Most of the players in the Indian plenty are small-to-medium enterprises. It has been estimated that 250 of the largest companies control 70% of the Indian foodstuff. The 1970 Patent symbolize., do the multinational companies to represent s ave 35% of the trade, bring from 70%, thirty long time ago.In foothold of the world(prenominal) grocery store, India currently holds a modest 1-2% share, that it has been developing at approximately 10% per twelvemonth. India gained its foothold on the globose scene with its innovatively engineered generic wine drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), and it is now seeking to pay back a major player in outsourced clinical research as well as contract manufacturing and research. in that respect are 74 U.S. FDA-approved manufacturing facilities in India, much than in any other country outside the U.S, and in 2005, almost 20% of all Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDA) to the FDA were filed by Indian companies. Growths in other fields notwithstanding, generics are still a large part of the picture.As much(prenominal), the Indian pharmaceutical constancy has now get the third largest producer in the world and is poised to grow into an application of $ 20 g azillion by 2015, from the current turnover of $ 12 billion.As a result, manufacturing expertise and efficiency were the lonesome(prenominal) choosements to participate in this sedulousness, creating low barriers of entry. The most critical challenge facing the orbicular pharmaceutical labor today is the increase cost of drug discovery and knowledge and the change magnitude time to securities manufacture. This is advertize compounded byImpending bare expirations of blockbuster moleculesPricing pressuresLow public opinionChallenges to intellectual proportion by increasingly aggressive generic companies.Re-importation pressuresMedicare/Medicaid reformIncreasing regulative hurdlesThis scenario is forcing the multinational pharmaceutical companies (MNCs) to rethink their strategic options in assign to exploit their core competencies across the globe. In this situation, India stands to a gain a lot because of its inherent gains like stability, culture, cost, and ameliorat e workforce. This has led to increase alliances and collaborations as a result the leading(a) Indian pharmaceutical companies devote become some of the most efficient manufacturing units in the world. In fact, India has the highest itemise of US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) certified manufacturing facilities outside USA.The overall phenomenal progress made by the effort in the pass away three decades has instilled a blotto belief in the government and the pharmaceutical companies in India that the country has a competitive strength and it should be enhanced by suitable insurance policy measures and firm specific actions with regards to export, knowledgeability, strategic alliances and investment.The pharmaceutical policy 2002 echoes the same sentiments and has shifted con pennyimerate of the policy from self reliance in drug manufacturing to the objective of enhancing global competitiveness. The introduction of policy says The staple fiber objectives of the governmen ts policy relating to drug and pharmaceutical sphere were enumerated in drug policy of 1986. These basic objectives still remain mostly valid, however, the drug and the pharmaceutical industry in the country today calculates sweet challenges on account of liberalization of the Indian economy the globalization of the world economy and on account of unexampled obligations chthoniantaken by India under the WTO commensuratenesss. These challenges require a change in current pharmaceutical policy and the accept for impudently initiatives beyond those enumerated in drug policy 1986, as circumscribed in 1994, so that policy inputs are directed to a greater extent towards promoting speed up yield of the pharmaceutical industry and towards making it much internationally competitive.The direct for radically improving the policy framework for knowledge-based industry has to a fault been acknowledge by the government. The Prime Ministers Advisory Council on Trade and Industry has made important recommendations regarding knowledge-based industry. The Pharmaceutical industry has been identified as one of the most important knowledge based industries in which India has a comparative advantage. THE increment STAGE OF Indian drug companyCEUTICAL INDUSTRYSECTION-12.1 produce STAGES OF INDIAN PHARMA INDUSTRYBengal Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Limited (BCPL), established in 1901, is a popular sector Undertaking (PSU) of the Government of India and is Indias first pharmaceutical company. The company was started by Prafulla Chandra Roy in Kolkata (then known as Calcutta) and has since manufactured such household Indian increases as Hospitol, naphthalene balls, and Phenol. The company is headquartered in Kolkata and reported aggregated revenues of Rs 6,199 lakhs (US$ 138.2 million) in fiscal 2006.The emerging industry, however, received setbacks in the post world war-II completion as a result of refreshed healing(predicate) developments in the western countries that triggered natural excrement of older drugs from grocery usage by in the rawer drugs like sulpha ,antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, antihistamine, tranquilizers, psychotic pharmacological substances etc. This culminated in the discontinuation of topical anaesthetic yield based on indigenous materials and forced the industry to import bulk drugs meant for touch them in to formulations and for selling in the national mart place. material bodyure- 2.1 stages of Growth of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry.Source ISID Working Paper, 2006/05.The government started to encourage the harvest-tide of drug manufacturing by Indian companies in the early 1960s. In the post independence period, Indian pharmaceutical industry exhibited four stages of crop (see Figure 2.1 2.2). In the first stage during 1950s-60s, the industry was for the most part dominated by international enterprises and it hatchd to rely on imported bulk drugs notwithstanding its comprehension in the list of basi c industries for plan targeting and monitoring. Foreign firms, enjoying a soaked patent certificate under the Patent and Design Act 1911, were antipathetic to local business and mostly opted for imports from home country as works of the patent. Given the inadequate capabilities of the national help sector to start local fruit of bulk drugs and hesitation of foreign firms to do so, the government decided to interfere through starting public sector enterprises. This led to the establishment of the Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (IDPL) plants at Rishikesh and Hyderabad in 1961 and the Hindustan Antibiotics at Pimpri, Pune, in 1954, to manufacture penicillin. The starting of the public sector enterprises has been an important feature in the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry as it assumed initiative roles in producing bulk drugs indigenously and led to signifi cigarett knowledge spillovers on the private home(prenominal) sector.The second growth stage, of the indu stry took place in the 1970s. The enactment of the Indian Patent Act (IPA) 1970 and the New Drug Policy (NDP) 1978 during this stage are important milestones in the history of the pharmaceutical industry in India. The IPA 1970 brought in a number of radical changes in the patent government by reducing the chain of patenting to only soures and not pharmaceutical products and also for a short period of seven course of studys from the earlier period of 16 classs. It also recognizes autocratic licensing after three years of the patent. The enactment of the process patent consecrated importantly to the local technological development via adaptation, reverse engineering and immature process development. As there exits several ways to produce a drug, domestic companies innovated cost-effective processes and flooded the domestic market with cheap but prime(a) drugs. This led to the steady rise of the domestic firms in the market place. The NDP 1978 has increase the pressure on for eign firms to manufacture bulk drugs locally and from the basic stage possible. Foreign ownership up to 74 per cent under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1973 was permitted to only those firms producing high technology drugs. Foreign firms that are simply producing formulations based on imported bulk drugs were required to start local production from the basic stage at heart a two year period. Otherwise were required to reduce their foreign ownership holding to 40 per cent. New foreign investments were to be permitted only when the production involves high technology bulk drugs and formulations thereon.In the third growth stage or phase of evolution Indian pharmaceutical industry developed modern technology for manufacturing of all dosage forms like tablets, capsules ,liquid ,oral, injectables etc.. This domestic industry based on large scale reverse engineering and process innovation secured near self sufficiency in production of bulk drugs belonging to various(a) maj or therapeutic groups resulting in dour impact on competitive position of Indian pharmaceutical firms in national and international markets.During , 1980-90s ,Indian pharmaceutical industry had emerged as one of the most export oriented sectors in Indian pharmaceutical industry with more than 30% of the production being exported to the foreign market. In 1991, domestic firms contribute about 70-80% market share in case of bulk drugs and formulations respectively. The trade deficits of seventies had been replaced by trade surpluses of 1980s. ( chassis-2.1).The fourth stage of evolution of industry during 1990s witnessed dramatic changes in the policy regime governing the pharmaceutical industry. The drug de-licensing, hundred percent foreign investments is permitted through automatic itinerary and price control has been significantly reduced. One of the major factors that confirm increased the confidence of foreign multinationals looking for local opportunities in India is the adop tion of a new product patent regime in January 2005, before that India had already carried out three amendments in march-1999, June2002 and April 2005, in the patent act of 1970 to run to bring Indian patent regime in harmony with the WTO agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). The third and the final exam one, known as the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005 came into force on 4th April 2005 and introduced product patents in drugs, food and chemicals sectors. The term of patenting has also been increased to a 20 year period. The number of pharmaceutical units has also increased to over 23,000 in 2002, provided moreFig 2.2 Growth phase of Indian pharmaceutical industrygraph1SOURCE BEST PHARMA INDUSTRY REPORT-2011-INDIAThe fifth stage is in progression (Fig.2.2), in which we are observing investment in innovation and research, with enactment of new IP laws and investments in biotechnology aided companies. there is promising growth in production of bulk drugs and formulations ( dishearten 2.1) from Rs 10 crores in 1947-48 to Rs 21100 crores in 2002-03 in formulations and almost nil in 1947-48 to Rs 5 cd crores in 2002-03 in bulk drugs production. The drug industry also becomes capable to spent 497crores in 2002-2003 from almost nil in 1947-48 on research and development of new molecules.All in all Indian drug sales are expected to rise by an annual 8% to nearly $26.59 bn among 2006 and 2015 and further is the matter of wait and watch depending up on conditions everyday in international and domestic markets. In the UNIDO-classification of develop countries, according to the give tongue to of art in the pharmaceutical sector India is ranked among the take in and today India manufactures over 400 bulk drugs and around 60,000 formulations.2.2 Drug industry-growthAs shown in, set back 2.1 and table2.2, depicts the growth progress in production of bulk drugs and finished formulations. India produces bulk drugs related to various therapeutic areas. Indian pharmaceutical industry, manufactures over 400 bulk drugs and roughly 60,000 finished medicines used in different formulations.2.3 THE GROWTH SCENARIO IN CONTINEUMIndias US $ 3.1 billion pharmaceutical industry is festering at the rate of 14 percent per year. It is one of the largest and most advanced among the developing countries.Domestic DemandThe industry has enormous growth capableness. Factors listed below pick up the rising demand for pharmaceuticals. The growing population of over of a billion Increasing income Demand for quality wellnesscare service Changing lifestyle has led to change in disease patterns, and increased demand for new medicines to combat lifestyle related diseases.More than 85 per cent of the formulations produced in the country are sold in the domestic market, there has also been a record increase in drug addiction of drugs worldwide. India with its large population has recorded the therapeutic segmentation in healthcare market with ch anges in pattern of drug consumption in turn affecting its production.Fig2.3 shows the dowry increase in sales in various therapeutic segments. India is largely self-sufficient in case of formulations. Some life saving, new multiplication under-patent formulations continue to be imported, peculiarly by MNCs, which then market them in India. Overall, the size of the domestic formulations market is growing strongly at 10 percent per annum ( tabularise, 2.4), with rs23047crores in 2006-07, from rs2350crores in 1987-88.Fig 2.3 Percentage Increase therapeutic segments.SOURCE ORG-MARG AUDIT-2011.Table 2.4 shows demand for drugs as per therapeutic segments, showing categories, for intercession of lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and central nervous system are on the increase. Health scenario is also changing. There are around 700,000 new cases of cancer each year and total of around 2.5 million cases. It is estimated that there are around 40 million people in India with diabetes and the number is rising, 5.1 million HIV/AIDS patients, and 14 million tuberculosis cases. fit in to industry reports, while the Indian pharmaceutical industry witnessed a growth of 7 to 8 percent, the cardio-vascular segment recorded 15 to 17 percent growth and anti-diabetes segment of over 10-12 percent growth. So, with the increase in diseases and various ailments, consumption of medicines is on increase day by day (refer, Fig 2.3).As per estimates, Over 20,000 registered pharmaceutical manufacturers exist in the country. The domestic pharmaceuticals industry output is expected to exceed Rs260 billion in the financial year 2002, which accounts for merely 1.3% of the global pharmaceutical sector. Of this, bulk drugs had accounted for Rs 54 bn (21%) and formulations, the remaining Rs 210 bn (79%). Table 2.5, shows the 16.98% CAGR for bulk drugs amounting to rs17, 307.02 crores in 2009-10.2.4 BULK INDUSTRY GROWTHEX-IM MARKETThe export market growth h as been one of the most outstanding features of the Indian pharmaceutical industry (Table-2.5). Negligible before the 1970s, exports started picking up after the abolition of product patents in 1972, accelerating in the 1980s and then growing rapidly since the mid-1990s. In recent years, exports have been increasing annually at more than 20%. The proportion of exports in net sales for the studied cxx companies was 44%. The export market was found to be larger than the domestic market not only for large companies, such as Ranbaxy (Now owned by Japanese Daichi Sankyo Corporation), Dr. Reddys or Cipla , but also for smaller companies such as Granules , Shilpa Medicare, Kopran , Transchem, and Pure Pharmaceutical etc. The period between 2000 and 2010 witnessed Indias top 10 drug companies growing in their sales turnovers, ranging between Rs 500-Rs 800 crores, to professionally-run MNC generics manufacturing companies with turnovers ranging from Rs 3,500 crores to over Rs 7,000 crores. India is among the top 20 pharmaceutical exporters world-wide.Most of these exporting firms earlier babelike on bulk drug supplies, small exports to unregulated markets in Africa and Asia and formulation sales in the domestic market, the last 10 years power saw them aggressively tapping regulated markets of the US and Europe and not bad(p) into newer and emerging market exportationsOver 60 per cent of Indias bulk drug production is exported. Indias pharmaceutical exports are to the tune of Rs 87 billion, of which formulations contribute nearly 55 per cent and the rest 45 per cent comes from bulk drugs. In financial year 2005, exports grew by 21 per cent.Domestic pharmaceutical export, growing at 30 per cent per annum, touched a new height of US $ 4.8 billion in the financial year 2006-07. The years exports will push the drug sectors contribution to Indias Forex earnings to 7.75 per cent from the current 5 per cent. The growth in drug exports, despite the pressing generic competi tion in the global markets, is attributed to increased Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) approvals in the US market and contribution from unconventional markets in Latin America, Australia and the emerging markets in the middle East and African Region. The formulations and exports are largely to developing nations in CIS, southmost East Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the last 3 years generic exports to developed countries have picked up.In the coming years, opening up of US generics market and anti AIDS market in Africa will boost exports.Indias pharmaceutical sector has seen unprecedented changes in the past decades ensuing for a strange growth in its exports (pharmaceutical exports occupy a share of 4.4% to 5.2% of Indias total exports over the last 6 years) and exports grew at a CAGR of around 22% in the 6 year period of 2004-05 to 2009-10( Fig2.4). Indias growth story in itself vindicates its potential it had a $ 333.33m turnover in 1980 to around $22.30 bn. by 20 10-11FIG 2.4 PHARMA EXPORT TOTAL EXPORT SHAREpharmaceutical industry in the country today faces new challenges on account of LIbralisation of the Indian economy graph2.JPGSOURCE Indian pharmaceutical export emailprotected2.5 Revenue from ExportAs earlier discussed India accounts for less than two per cent of the world market for pharmaceuticals, with an estimated market value of US $ 10.4 billion in 2007 at consumer prices, or around US $ 9 per capita but has the potential to reach more than 2% by 2020.India currently represents just US $ 6 billion of the $ 550 billion global pharmaceutical industry but its share is increasing at 10 percent a year, compared to 7 percent annual growth for the world market overall. Also, while the Indian sector represents just 8 percent of the global industry total by volume, move it in fourth place worldwide, it accounts for 13 percent by value, and its drug exports have been growing 30 percent annually. Cipla, Nicholas Piramal, Ranbaxy, Zydus Cadi la, Dr. Reddys are the few Indian pharmaceutical companies, which are known at the global level imputable to their quality products.The Indian market for over-the-counter medicines (OTCs) is worth about $940 million and is growing 20 percent a year, or double the rate for prescription medicines. The industrys exports were worth more than $3.75 billion in 2004-05 and they have been growing at a compound annual rate of 22.7 percent over the last few years, according to the governments draft National pharmaceuticals Policy for 2006, publish in January 2006. The Policy estimates that, by the year 2010, the industry has the potential to achieve $22.40 billion in formulations, with bulk drug production going up from $1.79 billion to $5.60 billion.ImportImports have registered a CAGR of only 2 per cent in the past 5 years. Import of bulk drugs have slowed down in the recent years as per DGIC reported data in the year 2010-11. The value of export was Rs 10,937 Crores, recording a declining growth of 9.82% as compared to 15.15% in 2009-10. The situation is advantageous and good sign, as the industry is comme il faut self reliant in production and less dependent on foreign markets.Based on the retrospective data, USA, Germany, Russia, UK, China, Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Nigeria, Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, Vietnam, Israel, Italy, Mexico, UAE, Singapore, Iran had been potential importers of Indian Drugs. Countries like South Africa, Israel, Turkey, Kenya, Singapore, UK, China, Russia, Italy and Vietnam etc. have been identified to be potential prospective markets with high growth rates of imports from India. Africa, Latin America, ASEAN and CIS countries with huge demands estimate them to be put in the category of focus countries as these are the emerging markets and have a huge potential with day in day out incremental growth rates of per capita drugs consumptions supported by treaties like SAFTA (with SAARC), treaties with GCC, EU, Japan, Korea etc. As shown in table 2.10, based on such estimates, it has been predicted that the 17% export growth of Rs 248,000 crores would be achieved in 2019-20 with a domestic growth of 22% amounting to Rs 233,000crores.Section-IICROSS BORDER ACQUISITIONS IN INDIAN pharmaceutic INDUSTRY2.6 INDIAN pharmaceutic SECTOR CROSS-BORDER ACQUISITIONThe health-care cost are rising world-wide. Leading companies across the world are merging. strategic alliances and collaborations are taking place in order to meet the increasing RD budgetary requirement that exceed billion dollars each for many leading global pharmaceutical players. Indian Drug manufacturers are pursuing foreign acquisitions due to their need toImprove global competitivenessMove up the value chainCreate and enter new marketsIncrease their product offeringAcquire assets (including research and contract manufacturing firms, in order to further boost their outsourcing capabilities) and new productsConsolidate their market sharesCompensate for con tinued lassitude in their home market.Often there is a significant crossroad of ingestion in creating manufacturing assets or investing in RD either in generics or in basic research resulting into wastages at national level. whence corporate have indulged either in acquisitions or mergers to avoid duplication of investments and capture larger market share at global place.Table 2.7 shows the data of number of overseas acquisitions by Indian pharmaceutical Industry. We can conclude that the year 2005 witnessed the maximum number of overseas acquisition due to paradigm change in pharmaceutical policies and enactment of certain new laws which are later discussed in this chapter. Indian companies had gained a lot by these cross border acquisitions and details of which has been given in table 2.8 galore(postnominal) Indian companies are seeking to expand their distinctive capabilities by acquiring specific skills, knowledge and technology abroad that are either unprocurable or of in adequate quality at home. By mergers and acquisitions they get advantage of acquiring new resources and gain entry to new markets for better profitability. Table2.8 shows the number of cross border acquisitions by Indian companies with their focus areas.2.7 INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET AND THE WORLD DISCUSSIONThe period between 2000 and 2010 witnessed Indias top 10drug companies growing in their sales turnovers, ranging between Rs 500-Rs 800 crore, top professionally-run MNC generics manufacturing companies with turnovers ranging from Rs3,500 crore to over Rs 7,000 crore. India is among the top 20 pharmaceutical exporters world-wide. Most of these exporting firms earlier depended on bulk drug supplies, small exports to unregulated markets in Africa and Asia and formulation sales in the domestic market, the last 10years saw them aggressively tapping regulated markets of the US and Europe and penetrating into newer and emerging markets. The Indian industry had filed only 3 marketing a pplications with the USFDA in 1998, the number swelled to 148 in 2009. Approximately $123bn of generic products is at adventure (subject to patent renewal approvals by regulators) of losing patents by 2012.Even at a conservativist estimate of 15% opportunity this translates into $18.4bn opportunity for India. However the figures need to be appropriately deflated since Indian opportunity will lie in generics equivalent of branded drugs, which would be cheaper. Ageing populations of the US (plus the 2010 US health care Reforms in action), China European economies leading to the more and more expenditure on medicines and appreciation in the per capita consumption value of the drug products with cheaper rates.As global markets such as wedlock America, Europe and Japan continue to slow down (graphical representation below), pharmaceutical companies are scanning markets for new growth opportunities to boost drug discovery potential, reduce time to market and squeeze be along the valu e chain. The Industry is beginning to recognise that some of the most promising opportunities will come from emerging markets (Asia/Australia/Africa Latin America). IMSHealth and other sources suggest that emerging markets (China, India, Brazil, Russia, Turkey, Mexico and South Korea) will contribute to over 40% of the incremental growth of the global Pharmaceutical industry over the next decade.With its enormous advantage ,including a large well educated ,skilled and English speaking workforce, low operational costs and improving regulatory infrastructure, India has the potential to become the regions hub for pharmaceutical and biotechnology discovery research, manufacturing, exporting and health care services within the next decade. However, in order for this to happen, it is imperative mood that the regulatory environment continues to improve . otherwise ,India will have to face tough competition from china leading to capture of market shares by china as their government stron g commitment and pro industry policies have produced a favorable and protective environment for not only product patent but also for crucial data protection so while developing an Indian collaborative RD strategy, pharmaceutical MNCs should wield in mind certain issues like data and IP security, cognitive operation metrics, and quality standards, and address and evaluate these upfront to ensure a happy relationship. Although the major factor that has increased the confidence of foreign multinationals looking for local opportunities in India is the adoption of a new product patent regime in January 2005. This already had facilitated concurrent global phase II and 3 clinical trials. A new patent regime has changed the dynamics of the Indian pharmaceuticals industry in other respects, too. Several leading domestic producers have begun to conduct original research into new chemical entities (NCEs) and novel drug delivery systems. However, these companies are likely to license most o f these drug candidates to westerly pharmaceutical companies, because few Indian companies can afford the high costs and failure rates associated with developing an NCE. In this context, several Indian firms have already entered into research partnerships with multinationals. Some pharmaceutical MNCs like AstraZeneca have exposed their own captive research centers in India to take advantage of the low costs as well as availability of high quality intellectual work force.Russia 2013, marketing insight estimates.(ASSOCHAM). IMS estimates the healthcare market in India at $31.59 bn. by 2020, whereas the global management consulting major, McKinsey Co. predicts that the Indian pharmaceutical market is expected to touch $40 by 2015. The industry has given practice to approximately 2.86 mn people and has around 20,053 units. Globally, India is 4th in terms of volume (8% of worlds production), 13th in terms of value, and 17th in terms of pharmaceutical export value. The drugs and pharm aceuticals exported are worth over $3.8 bn.Section-IIIINDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET2.8 DOMESTIC PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETThe pharmaceutical industry in India meets around 70% of the countrys demand for bulk drugs, drug intermediates, pharmaceutical formulations, chemicals, tablets, capsules, orals and injectibles. There are about 250 large units and about 8000 Small Scale Units, which form the core of the pharmaceutical industry in India (including 5 Central Public Sector Units). These units produce the complete range of pharmaceutical formulations, i.e., medicines ready for consumption by patients and about 350 bulk drugs, i.e., chemicals having therapeutic value and used for production of pharmaceutical-formulations.As discussed in earlier chapters about the Indian Pharmaceutical sector which is highly scattered with more than 20,000 registered units. It has expanded drastically in the last two decades. The leading 250 pharmaceutical companies control 70% of the market with market lea der holding nearly 7% of the market share. It is an extremely fragmented market with severe price competition and government price control. North Indian states UTs are also engaged in production of pharmaceutical products, few states like Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, are also providing tax holidays so as to motivate the pharma companies to enhance their production facilities, more over the climatical conditions and other macro factors are suitable for the growth of pharma and especially biotech., Industries in these two states. Table2.14 shows the state wise distribution in north India.FiG.-2.6 STATE- WISE DISTRIBUTION OF PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR IN INDIA, 2010-11 . graph3.JPGSource yearly report 201

Stop and Search Controversy

Stop and try ControversyThe power to sp ar and count has been a prominent policing m radical(prenominal) fucker since the Vagrancy Act of 1824. The briefing, Series 2, Edition 3 March 2012 , it has deduct below ceaseless statutory, political and societal examen beca employment of its full and treatary use by its guard military officers. However has in like manner been praised as it has not solo combated plague thus far pr egressed criminal acts happening as law of nature blockade nurture off and search anyone who they eat up clean suspicion ar carrying weapons, stolen goods or going equipped for stealing. Stop and search is extremely subjective in the shot that we must trust the officers views are wholly unbiased and injury and there is no untoward intent of the officer when using see and search ordinance.Since the actually onset of the enactment of legislation in this field of study of natural law bookness, there has been controversy because of the subjectiveness afforded to jurisprudence officers the controversy organism this discretion may be abused. Also the broad term of reasonable suspicion and what is seen as reasonable. There are to a fault fundamental man rights breaches that have been unembellished in much of the case law.Stop and hunt is now governed by 2 statutes stop and search with arrest situates at a lower place the law and criminal evidence act 1984 whilst a stop and search without an arrest comes under section 60 of the criminal justice and creation order act. Section 60 of the 1994 criminal justice and public direct Act was introduced to originally tackle mountain going to illegal raves which were a major problem in the 1980s and early 90s. It gave fare of law the power, if they feared violence or disorder, to stop and search suspects at a specific m and place. I will further be discussing the controversies surrounding practice of law stop and search and concluding with my own views on this s ubject.Before the introduction of the law of nature and criminal evidence act in 1984, the police stop and searched somebodys under what was called the sus law. This beingness because the police provided had to have suspicion on their part in order to stop and search an individual, it did not pick up to be reasonable. The only national stop and search legislation was for the interest group of drugs and firearms, unlike now with the introduction of the Terrorism act and Sporting nonethelesst act. Eventually the Brixton riots in 1981 brought a stop to the use of the sus provide cod to the forbid relationship it caused between the police and the public, in particular, heathenish minorities. maestro Scarmans Inquiry into the Brixton riots acknowledged that stop and search was a demand as welll to combat street nuisance and petty crime save expressed genuine concerns over the extent to which the sus laws were used in regards to the police officers own prejudices and views. In 1999 Stop and search came under scrutiny yet again du circle the St change surface Lawrence murder interrogatory, when Lord Macpherson revealed the shocking disratioate tote up of stop and searches in ethnic minorities, which in turn led on to accusing the police of holding prejudices and being institutionally racist. Lord Macpherson called for stop and searches, whether or not they resulted in an arrest to be recorded so that officers could be monitored and held accountable for if any racially aggravated stop and searches were made. law of nature deform and specially stop and search ranges on the purvey of reasonable suspicion and discretion. perceptiveness, although many an(prenominal) may disagree, is not doing as you please. Discretion is bound by norms, thus including professional norms, correct community norms, legal norms, and moralistic norms. Philosophers such as Ronald D fermentin and H.L.A. Hart have cleverly referred to discretion in the police agitate as th e hole in the doughnut doughnut theory of discretion, Dworkin described discretion as a donut because it is not free-standing but part of a process. Discretion, like the hole in the doughnut, does not exist except as an area left heart-to-heart by a surrounding belt of restriction. Discretion is not external the law but internal to the law1and where the law runs out graphic law theory. Thus meaning unwritten law that is to a greater extent or less the same for everyone everywhere, based on customary behaviour. In other words Unwritten law is the carcass of morals and principles everybody obeys and lives by. This idea refers to discretion as the empty area in the middle of a ring consisting of policies and procedures. It is an empty space inside of the law surrounded by statues and rules. guard discretion and the way it operates can be explained by 3 broad terms individualistic cultural and structural.Individualistic business relationship states that police work and the macho image of the police attracts people with authoritarian personalities, research as yet carried out by Waddington (1999a) does in fact not support this view and states that police recruits are not more than authoritarian then rule civilians. Brown and Willis (1985) and Fielding (1988) explained how the training process for these new recruits has a terminable liberalizing effect however exposure to permanent practical police work leads to an authoritarian perspective and outlook.The work of Zimbardo may give some score as to the sudden behaviour change in these new police recruits. Zimbardo (1973) conducted the Stanford prison house house sample as he wanted to study ossification and was interested in honoring out whether the rough treatment report among guards in American prisons was delinquent to the authoritarian personalities of the guards or had more to do with the prison environment. He took a group of 75 volunteers whom he tested for psychological normalitys, and assig ned them to either the use of the prisoner or prison guard. For every 9 prisoners they had 3 guards. They put them in a prison environment and watched as each volunteer began adapting to their roles. The findings were phenomenal, Within hours of starting the experiment the prison guards began to act in a sadistic manner, dehumanizing the prisoners and some fifty-fifty began tormenting and bullying them and alongside this the prisoners began conforming to their newly established roles by fetching the rules very seriously and become depressed and telling tales on their helpmate inmates. Perhaps this experiment and its findings can give an explanation on the maintain view that police recruits adopt an authoritarian perspective mayhap due to its macho nature and the control they have suddenly been ascribed. Zimbardo concluded later on the experiment that people will readily conform to the roles they have been ascribed, in particular when they are strongly stereotyped.mobile cante en Culture could also give an spirit of the individualistic explanation and racism.The police must work as a united front to not only protect the public however to also protect each other so accordingly, so due to the close proximity of the officers in the police mogul it is only infallible officers will begin to conform to sure beliefs and values held by their colleagues, especially if they are outspoken about these. Canteen Culture, Ike Eze-anyika, Faber and Faber (20 Mar 2000).Police sub-culture ( Canteen Culture) is often portrayed as a pervasive, malign and potent crook on the behavior of officers. The grounds for this portrayal are, however, insubstantial and appear to swear more upon the condemnatory electromotive force of the concept than its explanatory power.The cultural explanation of police discretion as said by Skolnick talked about this in a different way by identifying 3 main aspects of police culture and discretion, there is a suspiciousness which they have against certain groups of potential criminals that they treat with prejudice, there is the internal solidarity and social isolation which I consider both internal and support each other solidarity in which the police must remain a force which supports each other as police individuals against danger in the streets and also the social isolation in terms of because of this solidarity the police have it creates more of a rift in society between the protectors and the protected. This creates citizens feeling like they are just stereotypes viewed by the police and they cannot complain about the police because of this solidarity they have or that they are just merely subjects without autonomy.New research from the official human rights body reveals racial disproportionality in the amount of Stop and searched being made. Police forces are still more likely to use stop-and-search powers against black people than blank people, stopping black people up to 28 times more and therefore may be b reaking the law due to breaching their powers and withering police time. The police force has been accused of being predominantly occupied by white middle class males with old fashioned work practices and whos face fits. A report by the equality and human rights burster reviewed the police force 10 years after the Steven Lawrence inquiry, in which Lord Macpherson branded the Police and Its Officers as institutionally racist. The report found a huge amount of black men on the national deoxyribonucleic acid database as appose to other ethnicities.The power is used most by the Metropolitan police, which carried out three-quarters of the stops between 2008- 2011, almost 258,000 in total. Although they could hold the largest amount due to the population size in the metropolitan districts. The adjacent heaviest user of these powers was Merseyside with 40,940 stops.Due to these extortionate figures it was established that something must be do and also perhaps that many of the people they stop may not be educated in this subject and may not ineluctably know their rights. A mobile application was introduced early 2012 to inform the users of their rights when being stop and searched. Many people may be un sensitive that The police have to follow the correct code of conduct when stop and inquisitive an individual An officer should tell you their name, the reason why you have been stopped and the power that you are being stopped under. They should also give you their mark number, the name of the police station and provide you with a receipt at the end. This app tells the user their rights when being stop and searched. This could be either a conjure up or a curse. Perhaps if the user of the mobile application was aware of their rights they could stop any mistreatment or exploitation, However on the other baseball mitt if there is a large amount of clued up new-fangled people then when they do get stop and searched they may feel very confident and start telling the police how to do their jobs and maybe even state that the police did not follow one of the rules even when through with(p) so just to get out of an arrest or fine etc. hAlthough the police force have been branded institutionally racist It could be argued that the police get these racist perceptions from the media. If one crime has been reported, eg- a mugging, the media have been known to blow this story out of proportion and create a societal panic. Pearson was writing in the 1970s, during the time when muggings and the moral panic surrounding it was rife. The word mugging was an invented word to describe a theft against a person, the media stated that muggings were spiralling out of control and were a new dangerous crime.The media were also highly racist and said the crime was commit most by young black males thus resulting in the police using their stop and search powers more and especially on young black males, which in turn led to the police recovering more illegal articl es and led to more arrests. This only because the police stop and searched more people. With these new figures young black males were then labelled as thugs and unnatural and therefore left people and also the police with a negative perception towards young black males. This has also been seen lately with the knife crime moral panic and also the London riots as the media stated that works class undeducated young males from broken families decided to revoThe police force is stereotypically glory for being a macho profession, and there perception of their job role should be on the streets searching for true criminals murderers, rapists etc, however they are on the streets stop and searching individuals for petty crimes in most cases. They therefore perhaps to gain some job comfort feel they have to find prohibited articles or straighten out an arrest and fight crime therefore they want to find criminals instead of being well-provided that there are no criminals which could result in a high amount of stop and searches. They have work pressures that determine their career on the basis of how many arrest they make and illegal articles they find. They therefore obtain their job satisfaction by finding criminals, by stop and search, rather than being satisfied that they live in a society where there are no criminals. On the other hand with the higher volume of stop and searches results in a higher amount of arrests which shows that justice is being done and therefore heightens the morale of the police officers who are fighting the more every solar day street level crime.Along with lord Macpheresons statement he released during the enquiry into the steven Lawrence case and also Lord Scarmans statement during the Brixton riots in which he claimed that the police abuse their powers yet again Stop-and-search powers have come under blame again when they were ruled illegal by the European court of humanity rights in January 2010. The Strasbourg court has been recen tly hearing a case involving 2 civilians who were stopped near an arms fair in London in 2003.The court heard the case of Kevin Gillan and Pennie Quinton who had been stopped outside the Defence Systems and Equipment world(prenominal) exhibition at the Excel Centre in London Docklands in 2003, Both individuals were held for twenty to thirty minutes. The court stated that their right to gaze for a private and family life was violated. The European Court of Human Rights also said their rights under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights had been violated.Section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 gives power to the base secretary Theresa May, to authorise the police force to make random searches in certain circumstances, but The court said the stop and search powers were not sufficiently circumscribed and there were not adequate legal prophylacticguards against abuse. later on both individuals were awarded 33,850 euros (30,400) to cover legal costs.Lord Carlile the gover nments independent reviewer of anti- terrorist legislation stated, In my view, section 44 is being used far too often on a random basis without any reason behind its useThe fundamental point that the court is making is that it increases the possibility of random interference with the legitimate liberties of the citizenOn the other hand, we have to be safe against terrorism. There is therefore a very difficult balancing physical exercise to be done and Im sure Section 44 will come under intelligent scrutiny in the coming months.Speaking to BBC radio set 4s The World At One, Ms Quinton said Its not about proverb that theres no need for stop and search. What were really saying is people have a right to privacy and there needs to be a balance between police powers to ensure our safety but also our rights to a private life.To conclude the police force and more specifically the stop and search powers they hold have come under regular scrutiny by many different proffessionals Lord Scar man, Lord Macphereson and the European court of human rights, to name just a few. The Police force works mainly on discretion and they are trusted upon to make the right decisions, act subjectively and have reasonable suspicion however it is hard to define what is reasonable. This term is too broad and vague and a police officers perception of what is reasonable may differ from his colleagues. Another measurable point to remember is that each police officer has his own views and prejudices and even if they do not consciously work upon these prejudices they are still engrained into the officer and this may change or dim their view on certain individuals.I study police should work with discretion to not only to protect the public however also themselves against any foreseeable danger. Police officers get into numerous situations daily and therefore too many laws would be needed to govern every situation in which discretion is used.On the other hand, the stop and search figures broug ht to the publics attention over the last dickens decade do indicate levels of racism in the police force however with more and more ethnic minorities and also women beginning to invade the force there is no room for racism or sexism. corporation is rapidly changing alongside peoples perceptions of other races.Finally, I strongly believe that stop and search over the past years has caused a make do of controversy. The concept of stop and search stop anybody whom you believe to be more or less suspicious, does seem to work on paper however in practice the officers deeply engrained morals and prejudices seem to subconsciously effect their work which is evident in past figures. Further along Stop and Search does also need reforming due to the very public way in which the individual is stopped which leads to labelling by passing people, even if the individual is completely innocent.