The Between Class And Alienation - 1655 Words

What are the links between Class and Alienation According to Marx? According to Marx the types of alienation are an inevitable outcome of a class structured society, which is why he foresaw communism as the solution to prevent alienation and its negative effects. A communist society could potentially resolve structural economic related alienation between humans by removing class conflict. However it does not account for alienation as a result of other forms of stratification such as gender and ethnicity, or existential alienation as the result of human agency or the unpredictability of human nature. Furthermore Marx s theory only draws attention to those in work and does not consider the unemployed, children, students, or†¦show more content†¦The alienation of the proletariat from the product and the production process enabled the bourgeois to maintain a position of power by selling products made by others for profit thus exploiting workers. This socio-economic alienation, as Marx saw it, could prevent social mobility by keeping wages low a nd guaranteeing an enslaved workforce. Marx s theory of alienation from other humans could maintain existing class divisions as it prevented collective action and opposition by keeping people isolated. Long and tiring workdays enforced by bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie mean that the proletariats are unable to commune together in order to mobilise against the bosses. So alienation from species being would perpetuate class divisions because people would be compelled to take the work available to their class rather than personal preference, due to an immediate need for income. Without the resources to own the means of production, a proletariat is forced to sell their labour, thus cementing their position in the social strata. Therefore both class and alienation are the result of the industrialisation of society Marx understood alienation as something rooted in the material world, alienation meant loss of control, specifically

The Social Of Social Media Essay - 1265 Words

7 Secret to Find the Right Social Media Site for Your Business Social media is very much alike social life- Fun, confusing, demanding, sometimes awkward and rewarding as well. Usually, however – when we were at school, social doesn t influenced our lives. Moreover, many people believe that social media is worth using, but must manage the amount of time they are investing in it. With the emergence of new social media platforms, it may be fascinating to throw up your hands and just ignore the whole thing. However, your mom must have told you someday: Picking up your toys and going back to your home is actually not the way to deal with the frustrations of any social scenarios. Your mom also may have gave you another advice: Select your friends wisely and smartly. The same applies to social media as well. When it comes to social media, you should wisely choose social media platform for your social media marketing efforts to make good use of the social media time you have. Rather than following the in-crowd blindly to the social networking site du jour, think â€Å"Where is the hangout full with people sharing my interests?† The social set is not alike for everyone, so you must have a idea about your existing customers or who may be your potential customers, and the type of contents they may want to see. And further, for narrowing down the social media playing field, you have to pick the social networks in which they are most probable to congregate. Social media is continuouslyShow MoreRelatedThe Social Of Social Media1071 Words   |  5 PagesRaval Professor: C. Thompson Date: 12/1/2015 Composition 1 The Social Media Play The social media arose in late 1990s; one of the earliest was classmates.com in the year 1995(Online social networks).The website helped people search for registered members from kindergarten, university, schools and military. The social networks help people to connect with each other and can post news, photographs, and documents. The sites have helped peopleRead MoreThe Social Of Social Media1641 Words   |  7 PagesA lot of Millennials feel that social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Google, Myspace, and LinkedIn are an easier way of communicating with their peers. What they fail to realize is that potential employers are using these platforms as categorical imperatives when making a decision to hire a specific candidate for employment (Miller, 2016). I feel it is unreasonable for any employer to utilize a potential candidate’s social media page as a basis for extending them employment or rejecting employmentRead MoreThe Social Of Social Media Essay1529 Words   |   7 PagesSocial Media Checklist. The number and type of social media sites participants utilize will be measured using a social media checklist. The Social Media checklist consists of (e.g. Ask:fm, Facebook, Flicker, Google+ Instagram, Linkedin, Myspace, Pinterest, QQ Reddit, Snapchat, Skype Tinder, Tumblr, Twitter, Vine, WeChat, Youtube). Raters will check all forms of social media utilized. An average social media checklist is of interest. Higher scores indicate increased social media sites usage. LowerRead MoreThe Social Of Social Media1880 Words   |  8 PagesThe social media affect INTRODUCTION Is social media bringing us closer together or driving us further apart? I decided to attack the topic by going the route of empathy and if it brings people together or separates them Keywords I used were social media, empathy, Facebook, and affirmative empathy. I plugged this keyword into google and on EBSCOhost and ProQuest and yahoo search. Which at first the articles were horrible and made no sense which led me to topics like politics and body imageRead MoreSocial And Social Impact On Social Media1167 Words   |  5 PagesThis study suggests that social comparison orientation (SCO) produces negative outcomes is associated with social media use. They believe that people high in SCO are very aware of people around them and thus are more drawn to social media because the expansive networks allow individuals to connect to a wide variety of others, and we can learn a large amount about these people from their profiles. Also, social networking sites allow for upward social compar ison, or the comparison of yourself withRead MoreSocial And Social Impact On Social Media1485 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology Leading to the Decline of Our Social Skills The rapid growth in our dependency on technology for communication has led to a large decline in our basic social and interaction skills. One of the basic tenets of social psychology is that humans are social animals, however, in the technological world of today we seem to be straying away from this facet of our nature. Ever since the rise of social media and convenience of communication, for example, via mobile devices, we have fallen out ofRead MoreSocial Media And The Media917 Words   |  4 Pagesthe research conducted on social media. This paper also focuses on relationships, the positive and negative aspects of social media and the varies ways social media effects modern day. This paper also surveys people between the ages of fifteen and sixty- three. It discovers their daily usage that is spent these social sites and discusses the level of privacy and information that is shared on social sites. Modern Social Media Influences and Effects Social media has rapidly grown throughoutRead MoreMedia And Social Media713 Words   |  3 Pagessignificant influence of mass media, especially social media, virtual social networks and mobile messaging tools, the various dimensions of human life more influenced by these emerging technological platforms in the age of information and information society. In the present era, social media has become an integral part of our lives. All aspects of our lives have changed from politics to society, culture, and economics via social media and new technologies. Social media has caused revolutionary changesRead MoreSocial Media And The Media1192 Words   |  5 Pages However, â€Å"Contrary to the idea that social media creates a polarizing â€Å"filter bubble,† exposing people to only a narrow range of opinions, 70 percent of Millennials say that their social media feeds are comprised of diverse viewpoints evenly mixed between those similar to and different from their own. (American Press Institute, 2015, p. 3) This disputes the notion that everybody who engages in social media receive a uniform message, and these diverse viewpoints also enables users to become judiciousRead MoreThe Media And Social Media Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pageshe rise of social media, social networking and media in general within the recent years has had significant and widespread effects on how politics and presidency now-a-days, are ran. We can examine and analyze that we have those like Trump making a theme song, along with dancers for his campaign and others like Hillary Clinton whom don’t really do much on social media other than respond to things that Trump does on Twitter. These are the actions that catches the eyes or ears, and brings people closer

Caribbean countries are in the tropical area between...

Caribbean countries are in the tropical area between latitudes 11 and 18 degrees north, mainly constitute of island states with small rugged and mountainous areas of plains in coastal areas. Some islands are originated from volcano, while others consists mainly of coral reefs. The Caribbean region is famous for its physical beauty and its unique culture. For a long time, local people make livelihoods mainly relying on the natural resources, ranging from metals and minerals to endemic flora, fauna and marine life. Coastal areas are densely population that approximately 70% of the Caribbean population live in this region and also most of the capital cities are mostly situated along the coast (World Bank, 2013). The Caribbean area is†¦show more content†¦However, they are also the most important for tourism and for fisheries, and they also protect against coastal erosion. Warmer sea temperature will kill the tiny creature that nurture the reefs and give their color to the cora l. With the decrease of such tiny creature, the reefs will die and the coral will lose their color, which is called coral bleaching. The deterioration is very severe that 80% of living coral in the reefs of the Caribbean has been lost in the past 20 years (UNEP, 2008). Ø Available freshwater. Many Caribbean island countries rely entirely on a single source of water such as groundwater, rainwater, surface reservoirs, rivers and other surface flows which make them in severe lack of fresh water. At current population levels, the available water supply in some of the Caribbean SIDs (Small Island States) is significantly lower than the international limit of 1,000 m3 per capita per year. Below this level, a country will be defined as â€Å"water scarce†. The decrease of precipitation and severe droughts have further aggravated this problem. 2) Economic Activities The economic activities in this region are mainly based on direct exploitation of natural resources such as coastal and marine ecosystems, forests, agricultural land, and mineral resources. Ø Tourism. As the major economic sector in Caribbean region, tourism demands a sustainable management capacity of natural capital which is the prime necessity for long-term economic viability ofShow MoreRelatedSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 PagesScience For Living Notes (Compiled) Table of Contents Unit 1 Measurement 5-10 Unit 2 Matter 11-48 Unit 3 Basic materials for maintaining life Air 49-54 Water 55-68 Food 69-71 Other biomolecules of life 72-76 Unit 4 Energy in the Community Electricity 77-78 Heat 78-81 Light 82-91 Sound 92 Simple Machines 93-99 Unit 5 The Physical Environment Weather and Climate 100-113 Soils 114-128 Read MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 Pagesindicators that would be expected to increase in a warming world (and they are), and 3 indicators would be expected to decrease (and they are): [pic]Ten indicators for a warming world,  Past Decade Warmest on Record According to Scientists in 48 Countries, NOAA, July 28, 2010 What Is The Greenhouse Effect? The term  greenhouse  is used in conjunction with the phenomenon known as thegreenhouse effect. †¢ Energy from the sun drives the earth’s weather and climate, and heats the earth’s surface; Read MoreNotes18856 Words   |  76 Pagesfair? Virtually all colonial powers had â€Å"colonial missions.† What were these missions and why were they apparently such a disaster? Did any good come out of the African â€Å"colonial experience†? Introduction Colonization of Africa by European countries was a monumental milestone in  ­ the development of Africa. The Africans consider the impact of colonization  ­ on them to be perhaps the most important factor in  ­ nderstanding the u p  ­ resent condition of the African continent and of the

A Reflection On My Faith - 1496 Words

Question 1: One has faith in one, in an individual person or a group. You can have faith in oneself, humanity as whole, or one’s god. Tilley refers to Faith as â€Å"the relationship between one and irreducible energizing source of meaning a center of value in one’s life.† Others may view that you can have faith in anything not just what Tilley stated like objects, media, and something else that many people state they have faith in is countries. Some may have faith in a â€Å"Christian America†, which Baxter explains is faith that we are under Jesus’s protection. (Class Notes, 6/6/17) Some Americans today have full-fledged faith in patriotism and the country itself. I myself don’t necessarily know if I have full faith in everything, there are†¦show more content†¦Anna Keating supported the Fertility Awareness Method, a natural method that teaches women to observe a track their cycle and ovulation instead of depending on birth control. Keating brings up the point that there are still approximately a million abortions per year and contraception costs are elevated and FAM is free. I agree with Keating about teaching women on cycles and ovulation, although we should be educating on every topic - no matter what I personally support I shouldn’t deprive others of the choice. Although Mary Eberstadt leans towards the idea of allowing contraceptives in the Catholic Church will then decrease abortions. In a pro-choice abortion view and also Sidney Callahan’s view, it is believed that â€Å"abortion rights are necessary for women’s development and social equality.† (Class Notes, 6/14/17) Although, Naomi Wolf states that abortion does not fit a feministic choice and that it dehumanizes women, it takes away part of us and â€Å"defends its moral high ground by being simply faithful to truth - to women’s real-life experiences.† (Wolf) Within this there is a â€Å"a cycle of dehumanization back and forth between pro-choice and pro-life.† (Class Notes, 6/14/17) Wolf explains that pregnant women are frowned upon and receive â€Å"backlash† for having a reproductive system and that abortions dehumanize the fetus. Not only should we educate women on their cycles,Show MoreRelatedReflection Of My Faith1484 Words   |  6 Pagesyou are not familiar with testimony, it can be briefly described as a story about one’s faith and how that faith has helped one through a difficult life event. Having first-hand experience with a couple difficult predicaments that I can best describe as being on a rollercoaster. A special person helped me and my faith and that is what helped get through all the bumps and bends. This is my testimony; how my faith helped hold me in place. I was baptized traditionally with Holy Water in a Lutheran churchRead MoreReflection On And Comparison Of Religions1598 Words   |  7 PagesReflection on and Comparison of Religions I identify as a Catholic whose Portuguese upbringing prominently influenced my religious background. My cultural values and faith are so intertwined that I view both elements as one aspect of my identity rather than two separate entities. While introducing my religious viewpoint in class, I felt this wave of vulnerability and shame that I may have been perceived as agreeing with everything Catholicism stands for, which is certainly not the case. I felt misunderstoodRead MoreThe United Methodist Church’s Book of Discipline Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe United Methodist Church’s Book of Discipline states, â€Å"Wesley believed that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in Scripture, illuminated by tradition, vivified in personal experience, and confirmed by reason†. This statement outlines the concept of the Wesleyan Quadrilateral. Interestingly, John Wesley never actually used the term â€Å"quadrilateral† and the American Methodist sc holar, Albert C. Outler, who later stated that he regretted doing so as it has been misconstrued, namedRead MoreWhat I Choose Apu As A Nurse For More Than 10 Years With A Clinical And Academic Experience848 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge, scholarship, and practice. I’ve been a nurse for more than 15 years with a clinical and academic experience. I choose APU as my place of work for its clear declaration of God First in all that is being done. Since I started at APU in 2013 until now, I’ve designed my courses to include the-state-of-the-art knowledge, ethics, and practice in nursing. In all of my classes, I start the lecture with a devotion of the day from various books, such as the book â€Å"Jesus calling†. The words of this bookRead MoreExplain The Significance Of The Five Pillars Of Islam1360 Words   |  6 PagesExplain the significance of each pillar for the expression of the faith of Islam The Five Pillars of Islam are pivotal in expressing the Islamic faith for the global community and individual adherent. It unifies adherents with a common spiritual identity within the umma which in turn encourages social cohesion. Many Islamic nations incorporate the faith in laws and promote social welfare to inspire moral behaviour within the society. Ethics, acts of worship and core beliefs of the Islamic traditionRead MoreWhy Religion And Spirituality?1160 Words   |  5 PagesTheme One: Why religion and spirituality? The first theme that I have identified as significant in my spiritual journey is ‘Why religion and spirituality?’ To me this theme encompasses and seeks to illuminate the burning desire that human beings have to find answers to questions that give meaning to their life. The main premise of Mackay’s book is about the people’s desire for a life of meaning, be that with, or without the traditional institutionalized idea of God. In the first chapter Mackay discussesRead MoreReflection to the Book of Daniel and Revelation1749 Words   |  7 PagesNorthern Luzon Adventist College Artacho, Sison, Pangasinan __________ A Reflection Paper for the Subject Daniel and Revelation by: Jefferson Mendoza Daniel 1 Chapter Summary Daniel chapter 1 tells a story of a 4 young wise men named Daniel, Meshach, Shadrach and Abed-nego. They were captivated and brought in into the King’s palace for a grate purpose. However, that purpose is the plan of God for His teachings to be known and thought in the place of Babylon. God had chosen these four youngRead MoreCultural Awareness And Delivery Of Appropriate Care1388 Words   |  6 Pagesof appropriate care. The first step in creating cultural awareness may begin by the health care provider assessing their own cultural heritage, and it’s views on health and wellness. Reflection on one’s cultural heritage requires knowledge and understanding of the concept of cultural heritage itself. When assessing my cultural heritage, I first examined the factors that are identified as contributors to one’s heritage. According the Joint Commission (2010), culture can be defined as the, â€Å"integratedRead MoreCultural Awareness And Delivery Of Appropriate Care1392 Words   |  6 Pagesappropriate care. The first step in creating cultural awareness may begin by the health care provider assessing their own cultural heritage, and it’s views on health and wellness. Reflection on one’s cultural heritage requires knowledge and understanding of the concept of cultural heritage itself. When assessing my cultural heritage, I first examined the factors that are identified as contributors to one’s heritage. According the Joint Commission (2010), culture can be defined as the, â€Å"integratedRead MoreReflection Paper On My Second Reflection1331 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction I choose the following questions or reflections to research for my second paper in Theology 104. The first question that I chose to reflect on was, did Jesus need to be born of virgin? Yes Jesus, in my opinion, did need to be born of a virgin. If Jesus had not been born of a virgin, we possibly would have not known of his existence because in the Bible it say’s Jesus was born of a virgin this makes him a God-Man, he is both a son of man and the son of God. If God had been

The Tribe Not Only Kidnapped Mary Rowlandson - 1263 Words

Landcaster was burning, kidnapping was occurring, and men were being gutted, all because of King Phillip’s War. The Native Americans are the ones who set flames to Rowlandson’s life. The tribe not only kidnapped Mary Rowlandson, but her three kids as well. This tragedy is what inspired Rowlandson to start writing and becoming a famous known American author. The beginning of Mary White Rowlandson’s life started in the year of 1637. She was born in Somerset England. A little ways down the road of her life, Rowlandson’s parents brought her to the Massachusetts colonies. In fact, Mary Rowlandson’s father was known to be one of the wealthiest men in the colony. Rowlandson’s Father was named John White, and her mother was named Joan White. Together, this couple had ten children, making Rowlandson six out of her nine other siblings. There was ten of them in total. Later on, Rowlandson got married to man by the name of Joseph Rowlandson. Mr. Rowlands on was priest for puritan thoughts and beliefs. Joseph Rowlandson also had a very good education. He attended Harvard University. Due to Joseph Rowlandson attending such a great school, he helped his wife write and become well educated. (This isn’t actual factual, it’s just a possibility due to there no being actual information on where Mary Rowlandson gained knowledge and education on how to write.) Mr. and Mrs. Rowlandson created four children together. Two of their children were killed in their early stages of life. One ofShow MoreRelated Compare Contrast Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesthings that make up a piece of literature. For example: choice of diction, modes of discourse, and figurative language. Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano were great examples of authors that used these elements of literature. There are similarities and differences in A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson and From Af rica to America. Though Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano shared similarities in experiences, they had different writing personalities, purposes, attitudesRead MoreCompare/Contrast Writers1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthings that make up a piece of literature. For example: choice of diction, modes of discourse, and figurative language. Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano were great examples of authors that used these elements of literature. There are similarities and differences in A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson and From Africa to America. Though Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano shared similarities in experiences, they had different writing personalities, purposes, attitudesRead MoreMary Rowlandsons Story Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesMary Rowlandson was captured from her home in Lancaster, Massachusetts by Wampanoag Indians during King Phillip’s War. She was held captive for several months. When she was released she penned her story, A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. During much of her story she refers to the Indians as savage beasts and heathens but at times seems admire them and appreciate their treatment of her. Mary Rowlandson has a varying view of her Indian captors because she experienced

Project Scope Management Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Project Scope Management. Answer: Introduction: The following blog reviews the technical article of project scope management by Asadullah Khan through critical reflection on an academic journal pertaining to the topic. The aspects of projects scope management in an IT project are largely vested in the identification of the processes such as definition and control of the elements to be included in the project (Khan, 2006). Project scope management could be associated with the prolific benefits such as cost effectiveness and the sequential arrangement of stages involved in the project scope management. As per Asadullah Khan the key stages associated with project scope management include Initiation stage followed by the Scope Planning phase(Khan, 2006). The scope planning is succeeded by Scope Definition and Scope Verification stage which ultimately serve inputs for the final stage in project scope management i.e. Scope Change Control(Burke, 2013). The individual processes are interrelated to each other not only in terms of functiona l areas but also on the grounds of knowledge competences. The individual processes require varying levels of efforts from individuals or groups according to the prerequisites estimated for the project. The reflection on individual processes involved in the project scope management could be feasible only through the representation of each process as a discrete elements characterized with precise definition of interfaces (Collins, 2017). Furthermore, the completion of the project scope for development of IT product could be validated through comparison with the precedents established in the plan. Initiation: The first stage in project scope management refers to initiation that is associated with the formal recognition of the need to develop a project into its next phase or work on a new project. The initiation of projects in organizational contexts is realized through feasibility studies or similar forms of analysis. The requirement of formal initiation is not observed in case of new product development projects and internal service projects which can be assumed as exceptions(Kerzner, 2013). However, the precedents which are necessary for formal initiation include references to customer request, business requirements, market demand, legal obligations and technological improvements. The outcomes of the process of initiation are characterized on the basis of project selection methods as well as judgment approach of decision maker involved in the project. The formal recognition of project requirements results in outcomes such as a project charter that describes the managerial responsibiliti es for the project, assumptions and limitations in context of the project (Leach, 2014). Scope Planning: As per the article of Asadullah Khan, Scope planning is associated with the estimation of criteria for future project decisions such as descriptors for the feasible execution of individual stages involved in project(Khan, 2006). The essential highlight of the scope planning stage in project scope management could be identified in documentation of the scope statement that facilitates a platform for designing future decisions pertaining to the concerned project. The scope statement reflects profoundly on the project dimensions such as cost, objectives, project deliverables and the rationale for undertaking the project(Phillips, 2013). The scope planning process utilizes methods such as cost benefit analysis and product analysis with respect to the project charter in order to present the scope management plan that describes clear approaches for identification and classification of changes in scope. Scope Definition: Scope definition is accounted as a crucial stage in the project scope management process since it is responsible for categorization of the notable project deliverables into manageable components. The prominent outcome from the scope definition stage is identified in the creation of a work breakdown structure. A project manager can utilize the work breakdown structure for advantages such as improving accuracy in the estimation of cost, resources and time, precise assignment of responsibilities and identification of benchmarks for performance measurement and control(Schwalbe, 2015). The primary inputs required for the scope definition include the assumptions, scope statement and planning outputs from the knowledge areas of other stages in the project scope management process. Scope definition in ITproject management could be facilitated through the use of work breakdown structure templates(Collins, 2017). Scope verification: The scope verification is ensured through reviewing the work results and the product specifications according to the project requirements. A notable ambiguity noted in context of scope verification with respect to quality control(Phillips, 2013). In the scope verification stage, the work results are accepted on the grounds of correct and satisfactory completion. As mentioned in the article of Asadullah Khan, the tools used for inspection could be observed primarily in the form of product reviews and audits(Khan, 2006). Scope change control: Issues identified in the previous stages of the project scope management process could deter the effectiveness of a project to render the appropriate results. Therefore, scope change control is implemented to tailor the impact of scope change factors for the benefit of the project and identification of the instances of scope change(Kerzner, 2013). The effectiveness of the scope change control is identified in the effective management of actual changes. Some of the effective tools and techniques which facilitate effective outcomes in the stage of scope change include performance metrics and control systems for scope change. Conclusion: The report reflected critically on the distinct aspects pertaining to project scope management in order to present an inference regarding the inputs and outcomes alongside tools and techniques implemented in individual stages. Bibliography Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA. Collins, W. P. (2017). Development of a Project Scope Definition and Assessment Tool for Small Industrial Construction Projects.Journal of Management in Engineering. Journal of Management in Engineering, 33(4). Kerzner, H. (2013). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Khan, A. (2006). Project scope management. Cost engineering. 48(6), 12-16. Leach, L. P. (2014). Critical chain project management. Artech House. Phillips, J. (2013). PMP, Project Management Professional (Certification Study Guides). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Schwalbe, K. (2015). Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.

Child Abuse and Neglect free essay sample

The New York State Educational Department (SED) oversees the training requirements for mandated reporters. Some examples of fields that require this training to obtain there license is Medical professionals, teachers, and social workers. As a child care provider in New York State we are required to report abuse when there is a reasonable cause, such as Maltreatment or if the child is being placed in imminent danger. Some indications of abuse or maltreatment are: frequent bruises cuts or burns Fear or going home Inappropriate sexual behaviors Sexual victimization of other children Obvious malnourishment Frequent absences Stealing or begging for food When any concerns are suspected they must telephoned immediately to the New York Statewide Central Register of Child Abuse and Maltreatment (SCR) which is open 24 hrs a day seven days a week. Immediate Notification is required so that immediate intervention can be provided by the department of social services. The Mandated reporters are not to notify the parents before or after it has been reported. Child Abuse and Neglect A Review of the Literature Between 1,460 and 2,555 children die every year due to child abuse and neglect; meaning that on average, between four and seven children die daily. In a classroom of 20 children, 13 will have been abused or neglected (Childhelp, 2013). These statistics should be shocking to anyone. Child abuse and neglect is an extremely understated problem in American society. The federal definition of child abuse and neglect is â€Å"any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker that results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation† or â€Å"an act or failure to act that presents an imminent risk of serious harm† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 93). Although this is the set definition, there can be different variations of it depending on specific state laws. Child abuse and neglect occur in many varying forms and do not always appear in the same manner. Some types of abuse and neglect include emotional abuse, psychological abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, educational neglect, medical neglect, emotional neglect, and physical neglect. This paper will discuss the signs of these various forms of child abuse and neglect as well as provide insight to the effects on children. Emotional Abuse Emotional and psychological abuse of children is one of the most commonly overlooked forms of abuse (American Humane Association, 2013). This may be due to the fact that there is no physical abuse occurring for people to notice. Also, not as many people know that emotional and psychological child abuse is happening. One of the biggest problems with forms of emotional and psychological abuse it that it is almost impossible to detect while it is occurring. Often times, it is not noticed until much later in a child’s life. Emotional abuse is something that most people have experienced in their lifetime, but not to an extreme extent. Some examples of emotional abuse include â€Å"constant belittling, shaming, and humiliating a child, name calling, making negative comparisons to others, frequent yelling, threatening, or bullying, ignoring or rejecting a child as a punishment, and limited physical contact (hugs or kisses)† (Smith, 2013). Parents discipline their children in different ways and have varying methods of punishment, but to constantly belittle or threaten one’s child is something much different. This type of abuse is a very painful one for children to experience because they often blame themselves and wonder why their parents are treating them this way. Emotional abuse can lead to impairments in children’s emotional development and their sense of well-being. Psychological Abuse Along with emotional abuse, psychological abuse can be just as harmful. Psychological abuse is more of a game of power, where parents control their children and make them believe, for example, that they are worthless. This leads to serious psychological problems and can cause many disorders such as â€Å"anxiety, depression, withdrawal, or aggressive behavior† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 96). To some parents, using the old saying, â€Å"sticks and stones may break my bones but words can never hurt me† is justification enough for this type of abuse. Most parents do not understand that their children are not able to handle ridicule and harassment as well as adults. To children, having their parents make comments to them can affect their psyche for the rest of their lives. In at least one study, â€Å"about 80% of 21 year olds that were abused as children met criteria for at least one psychological disorder† (Childhelp, 2013). Many parents who do abuse their children emotionally or psychologically believe that it is not abuse because they are making them stronger and preparing them for people who will be mean and hurtful to them in the future. However, these parents are leaving their children with damaged mental health and social development problems that can leave lifelong scars on their children. Physical Abuse Physical and sexual abuse of a child can leave these same psychological scars, but are also accompanied by physical scars as well. It is estimated that â€Å"more than 90% of juvenile sexual abuse victims know their perpetrator in some way† (Childhelp, 2013). Children are vulnerable to this type of abuse because they trust the people who are supposed to take care of them and look after them, making it extremely easy for their caretakers to take advantage of them. Physical abuse is generally defined as â€Å"any non-accidental physical injury to the child and can include striking, stabbing, kicking, burning, or biting the child, or any action that results in a physical impairment or death of a child such as shaking or throwing† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 100). Regarding physical abuse, many parents defend their abuse and claim that it is a form of discipline for the child. These parents do not understand the difference between discipline and abuse, which can often indicate that they were disciplined the same way. Some signs of physical abuse in children are: â€Å"frequent injuries or unexplained bruises, welts, or cuts; injuries that have a pattern, such as a belt or hand; shies away from touch; seems afraid to go home; flinches at sudden movements; and a child who is always on alert for something bad to happen† (Smith, 2013). Physical abuse can go unnoticed for long periods of time because children can cover up their scars or hide their injuries, but most of the time, it is bound to be discovered. Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse, however, is not as noticeable as physical abuse. Sexual abuse can be defined as â€Å"the employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in, or assist any other person to engage in, any sexually explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual deception of such conduct† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 101). This type of abuse is not as much about love and intimacy, but more about power and control. Children who are sexually abused are often under the control of their attacker and have trouble finding a way out of the abusive situation. Some signs to look for in children who are sexually abused are: â€Å"trouble walking or sitting; displaying knowledge or interest in sexual acts inappropriate to his/her age, or even seductive behavior; making strong efforts to avoid a specific person; not wanting to change clothes in front of others or participate in physical activities; having an STD or being pregnant; or a child running away from home† (Smith, 2013). Most children who are sexual abused are abused by someone they know and love and often times, they do not know that this type of abuse is wrong. The abusers in the situation will brainwash the children and make the abuse seem normal, or they will threaten the child into submission and make them keep the abuse a secret. Sexual abuse in children can lead to significant psychological and physical problems for them later in life, and these children often suffer from guilt and shame throughout their life as a result of this abuse. Educational Neglect Cases of child neglect differ from cases of abuse, but only in their execution, not their outcome for the child. According to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System â€Å"of the approximately 899,000 children in the United States who were victims of abuse and neglect in 2005, 62. 8 percent (564,765 children) suffered from neglect alone, including medical neglect† (American Humane Association, 2013). A fact that many people do not know it that educational neglect is one of the fastest growing types of child neglect and is punishable by law. This neglect is not referring to parents who cannot get their children to go to school because they run away or lies about going, this neglect is referring to the parents who do not make any effort to enroll their children in school or give them the mean to stay in school. This neglect can include â€Å"permitted chronic truancy, failure to enroll or other truancy, and inattention to special education need† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 98). One important aspect of this type of neglect are the parents who fail to accept that their child has an educational special need and should be placed in alternative classrooms or children who have learning disabilities. Education is important for children in their growth and development, and it is required by law that they must attend school until the age of 16 (public, private, homeschooled, or otherwise). Those parents who do not make education a part of their children lives are hurting them just as much as if they were physically abusing or neglecting them. Education can predict the outcome of children’s lives. Medical Neglect Another common form of neglect is medical neglect which can be characterized as â€Å"failing to provide any special medical treatment or mental health care need by the child† or â€Å"the withholding of medical treatment or nutrition from disabled infants with life-threatening conditions† (Gosselin, 2013, p. 99). This is a very serious form of neglect and is often seen in parents who do not take their children to the hospital or doctors when they are feeling ill or have broken bones. Some parents believe that time will heal wounds, or they think that herbal medicines can cure diseases just as well as other medicines. There are, however, cases of parents who do not take their children to receive medical attention because they are the ones who inflicted the pain on their children. That case would turn into a form of abuse and neglect and is often seen together. Concerning medical neglect, it is important to understand that children need to receive yearly check-ups by doctors to get immunizations and tests done to ensure that the child is healthy. Parents who refuse to, or think they do not have the means to take their children to the doctors, hospital or urgent care facility are at risk for possibly killing their own children. It is seen more often in medical neglect cases that parents who did not take their children to these facilities were afraid of going to jail because they causes the injuries to the child. Emotional Neglect Others forms of neglect include emotional and physical neglect. Emotional neglect can be categorized under circumstances including: â€Å"exposure to chronic or extreme intimate partner violence, permitting drug or alcohol use, or having a delay in psychological care† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 98). Emotional neglect to a child is one of the most painful aspects of neglect. When a parent ignores and terrorizes a child or does not want him or her anymore, they are neglecting the child and leaving him or her with emotional walls. It is not easy for children to understand why their parents are doing this, or what they did to deserve this type of punishment. If parents cannot provide their children with adequate care such as psychological help or counseling and instead are encouraging them to drink alcohol and smoke illegal substances, then these people should not be parents. Regarding emotional neglect, it is important to understand that not emotionally supporting children can make them unable to form proper relationships later in life. Physical Neglect In addition to emotional neglect, children face a great deal of physical neglect from their parents. Physical neglect accounts for the majority of cases of maltreatment (Healy, 2013). Maltreatment occurs when children injure themselves or are faced with severe malnutrition as a result of a parent or caretaker. Physical neglect involves: â€Å"the failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, hygiene, protection, or supervision† (Gosselin, 2009, p. 99). It can also include â€Å"child abandonment, inadequate supervision, rejection of a child leading to expulsion from the home and failure to adequately provide for the child’s safety and physical and emotional needs† (Healy, 2013). Physical neglect is different from physical abuse because instead of people inflicting pain on children, they are causing pain by ignoring them or not giving them everything they need to survive. These forms of neglect can harm children just as much as the forms of abuse can, and all of them leave lasting scars. With physical neglect, parents often do not provide their children with their basic needs. Children not only need love and support, they also need food, clothing, and shelter. The main aspect lacking in child care regarding all of these forms of abuse and neglect are reporting programs and parental education. If there were more enhanced programs for people to report these forms of abuse and neglect, the statistics would most likely decrease significantly. Children do not know how to report abuse or neglect can often just keep quiet, and the people they do report to do not always know the correct measures to take. It is important to educate not only our children, teachers, and the general public, but also parents. If parents were more educated in how to care for a child, or what is acceptable and not acceptable to do, these forms of abuse and neglect would also decrease. Parents who exhibit abuse or neglect on their children often claim that they did not know what they were doing was wrong and they did not think there was a problem with their forms of discipline. Everyone needs to be more educated on this topic and it is important to catch this abuse and neglect at the earliest stage possible to decrease the lasting effects on the child.