Academic Word List

Nhom 1 Analysis: S phan tich Chemical analysis of the woman’s dress revealed traces of blood. The book is an analysis of poverty and its causes. At the meeting they presented a detailed analysis of twelve schools. †¢ analyse / †¢ analyze †¢ analyst †¢ analytic = isolating †¢ analytical †¢ analytically Approach: Phuong phap, ti p c n We need to adopt a different approach to the problem What's the best way of approaching this problem? †¢ approachable / †¢ unapproachable Area: Ph m vi hi u bi t, chuyen mon Software is not really my area of expertise Assess: ? anh gia The tests are designed to assess a child's reading skills.It's difficult to assess the effects of these changes. Interviews allow you to assess the suitability of candidates. †¢ assessable †¢ assessment †¢ reassess †¢ reassessment Assume: Cho r ng, gi n nh Everything was quiet when I got home so I assumed that you had gone out. Let us assume for a moment tha t the plan succeeds. She would, he assumed, be home at the usual time. In this example we have assumed a unit price of $10. I had assumed him to be a Belgian. †¢ assumed †¢ assuming †¢ assumption Authority: Chuyen gia She is an authority on seventeenth-century English literature †¢ authoritative †¢ authoritatively ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] om -1- Nhom 1 Available: Co th mua nu c, s d ng nu c This information is available free on the Internet. The new drug is not yet available to the public. When will the information be made available? We'll send you a copy as soon as it becomes available. †¢ availability †¢ unavailability †¢ unavailable Benefit: L i th , l i ich He couldn't see the benefit of arguing any longer. I had the benefit of a good education For maximum benefit, take the tablets before meals. †¢ beneficial †¢ beneficiary Concept: Khai ni m He can't grasp the basic concepts of mathematics Concepts such as â⠂¬Ëœcivilization’ and ‘government’ †¢ conception conceptual †¢ conceptualize †¢ conceptually Consist: Bao g m, g m co A dessert consisting of fruit and cream (ch a n ng) The beauty of the city consists in its magnificent buildings. (chinh) †¢ consistency / †¢ inconsistency †¢ consistent / †¢ inconsistent †¢ consistently / †¢ inconsistently Constitute: (~establish, set up) Thi t l p, thanh l p The committee was constituted in 1974 by an Act of Parliament †¢ constituency †¢ constituent †¢ constitution †¢ constitutional / †¢ unconstitutional †¢ constitutionally / †¢ unconstitutionally †¢ constitutive ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -2- Nhom 1 Context: Trong hoan c nhThis speech needs to be set in the context of Britain in the 1960s. His decision can only be understood in context. †¢ contextual †¢ contextualization †¢ contextualize †¢ contextually Contract: H p n ng †¢ contractor Create: T o ra, gay nen The snow created further problems Scientists disagree about how the universe was created. The government plans to create more jobs for young people. †¢ creation / †¢ recreation †¢ creative †¢ creatively †¢ creativity †¢ creator †¢ recreate Data: Thong tin Define: Ch c ch n I've heard rumours, but nothing definite Your duties are clearly defined in the contract. Can you define what it means to be an American? definable †¢ definition †¢ redefine †¢ redefinition †¢ undefined Derive: Nh n nu c, l y nu c t †¦ tim th y ngu n g c t The name derives from Latin. The word ‘politics’ is derived from a Greek word meaning ‘city/ He derived great pleasure from painting †¢ derivation †¢ derivative ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nhom 1 Distribute: Phan ph i, phan phat The organization distributed food to the earthquake victims â € ¢ distribution †¢ distributional †¢ distributive †¢ distributor †¢ redistribute †¢ redistribution †¢ redistributive Economic: Thu c kinh t The economy is in recession †¢ economical †¢ economically †¢ economics economist †¢ economy †¢ uneconomic †¢ uneconomical Environment: Moi tru ng An unhappy home environment can affect a child's behaviour †¢ environmental †¢ environmentalism †¢ environmentalist †¢ environmentally Establish: Thanh l p, thi t l p, c ng c The committee was established in 1912 Let's establish some ground rules. †¢ established / †¢ disestablish †¢ establishment / †¢ disestablishment Estimate: ? nh gia, nanh gia, u c lu ng I can give you a rough estimate of the amount of wood you will need Official government estimates of traffic growth over the next decade †¢ estimation †¢ overestimate †¢ overestimation †¢ underestimate inh Nho Hi p – [ema il  protected] com -4- Nhom 1 Evident: Hi n nhien, ro rang (~obvious) It was evident from his voice that he was upset. The growing interest in history is clearly evident in the number of people visiting museums and country houses †¢ evidence †¢ evidential †¢ evidently Export: Xu t kh u 90% of the engines are exported to Europe †¢ exporter Factor: Nhan t , y u t The result will depend on a number of different factors Finance: Tai chinh, ti n b c Finance for education comes from taxpayers †¢ financial †¢ financially †¢ financier Formula: Cong th c †¢ formulate / †¢ reformulate †¢ formulation / †¢ reformulationFunction: Ch c nang The function of the heart is to pump blood through the body †¢ functional †¢ functionally Identify: Nh n ra, nh n di n (= ID) She was able to identify her attacker Many of those arrested refused to identify themselves (= would not say who they were). The gunman in Wednesday's attack has been id entified as Lee Giggs, an unemployed truck driver. †¢ identifiable †¢ identification ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -5- Nhom 1 Income: Thu nh p They receive a proportion of their income from the sale of goods and services Indicate: (~show, point) Ch ra, bi u l The signpost indicated the right road for us to followResearch indicates that eating habits are changing fast. †¢ indication †¢ indicative †¢ indicator (=blinker) Invidual: Rieng r , rieng bi t We interviewed each individual member of the community †¢ individualism †¢ individualist †¢ individualistic †¢ individuality †¢ individually Interpret: Gi i thich, lam sang t The students were asked to interpret the poem †¢ interpretable †¢ interpretation †¢ interpretative †¢ interpretive †¢ misinterpret †¢ misinterpretation †¢ reinterpret †¢ reinterpretation Involve: (~entail) Bao g m, dinh dang n n The test will involve answering questions about a photograph. The job involves my travelling all over the country.Many of the crimes involved drugs †¢ involved †¢ involvement †¢ uninvolved Issue: V n n This is a big issue; we need more time to think about it †¢ issuer ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 1 Labour: Lao n ng (chan tay) The company wants to keep down labour costs †¢ labor Legal: H p phap They are currently facing a long legal battle in the US courts †¢ legality †¢ legally †¢ illegal †¢ illegality †¢ illegally Legislate: L p phap The government will legislate against discrimination in the workplace †¢ legislation †¢ legislative †¢ legislator †¢ legislature Major = most of/most = serious = huge >big We have encountered major problems majority Method: Phuong phap, cach th c A new method of solving the problem †¢ methodical †¢ methodically †¢ methodological †¢ methodologically †¢ methodolog y Occur: (~happen) X y ra, x y n n (n t ng t) Something unexpected occurred According to the police, the shooting occurred at about 12. 30 a. m. †¢ occurrence †¢ reoccur Per cent: Ph n tram Poor families spend about 80 to 90 per cent of their income on food †¢ percentage ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -7- Nhom 1 Period: Giai no n, kho ng th i gian The factory will be closed down over a 2-year period/a period of two years †¢ periodic †¢ periodical †¢ periodicallyPolicy: Chinh sach, nu ng l i hanh nong (Chinh ph , ? ng, Nha Nu c†¦) They have had a significant change in policy on paternity leave. Pinciple: Nguyen t c I refuse to lie about it; it's against my principles. Stick to your principles and tell him you won't do it. †¢ principled †¢ unprincipled Proceed = continue = go on = ti p t c = ti n hanh = ti n trinh We're not sure whether we still want to proceed with the sale She sat down and proceeded to tell me about her s kiing trip. He outlined his plans and then proceeded to explain them in more detail. Work is proceeding slowly. †¢ procedural †¢ procedure †¢ proceeding †¢ proceedsProcess: Qua trinh, s ti n tri n We're in the process of selling our house †¢ processing Require: (~need) ? oi h i, yeu c u what do you require of me? True marriage requires us to show trust and loyalty. Lentils do not require soaking before cooking. (? u khong c n ngam†¦) †¢ requirement Research: (v. n) Nghien c u To research into the causes of cancer I've done some research to find out the cheapest way of travelling there †¢ researcher ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -8- Nhom 1 Respond: ? ap l i, hu ng ng When asked about the company's future, the director responded that he remained optimistic †¢ respondent †¢ response †¢ responsive responsively †¢ responsiveness †¢ unresponsive Role: Vai tro It is one of the greatest roles she has played T he role of the teacher in the classroom This part of the brain plays an important role in learning. Section (V: c t, phan chia N: ph n c t ra) The library has a large biology section Sector (area, zone): Khu v c (kinh t , ki thu t) the manufacturing sector Significant: Quan tr ng, tr ng n i, n y y nghia It is significant that girls generally do better in examinations than boys There are no significant differences between the two groups of students. Your work has shown a significant improvement. †¢ significance †¢ significantly †¢ signify insignificance †¢ insignificant †¢ insignificantly Similar: Tuong t My teaching style is similar to that of most other teachers. The two houses are similar in size The brothers look very similar. †¢ similarity †¢ similarly Source: Ngu n, ngu n g c. Your local library will be a useful source of information. ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -9- Nhom 1 Specific: D t khoat, ro rang, chi ti t, chinh xac I gave you specific instructions ‘I'd like your help tomorrow. ’ ‘Can you be more specific’? A specific purpose/reason Could we arrange a specific time to meet? †¢ specifically †¢ specification †¢ specificity †¢ specifics †¢ unidentifiableStructure: C u truc The grammatical structures of a language †¢ structural †¢ structurally †¢ restructuring †¢ restructure †¢ unstructured Theory: Gi n nh, h c thuy t I have this theory that most people prefer being at work to being at home †¢ theoretical †¢ theoretically †¢ theoretician †¢ theorist Vary: Thay n i (m c n nh ) (ng ai, n i) The menu varies with the season Class numbers vary between 25 and 30. What time do you start work? ’ ‘It varies. ’ The aerobics instructor varies the routine each week †¢ variability †¢ variable †¢ variably †¢ variance †¢ variant †¢ variation †¢ varied †¢ invari able †¢ invariably ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] om – 10 – Nhom 2 Achieve: v. Thanh cong (~accomplish) Their background gives them little chance of achieving at school. †¢ achievable †¢ achievement Acquire: Thu nu c, n t nu c She has acquired a good knowledge of English How long will it take to acquire the necessary skills? He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty. The company has just acquired new premises. †¢ acquisition Administration: (~managing) S trong nom, s qu n ly; s cai qu n, s cai tr She has little experience in administration (= in organizing a business, etc. ). Teachers complain that more of their time is taken up with administration than with teaching. †¢ admin administrative †¢ administratively †¢ administrator Affect: nh hu ng n n, tac n ng n n Your opinion will not affect my decision It's a disease which affects many older people. How will these changes affect us? †¢ affective †¢ affectively †¢ unaffected Appropriate: (~suitable) Phu h p Appropriate for something: Jeans are not appropriate for a formal party. Appropriate to something: The book was written in a style appropriate to the age of the children. †¢ appropriacy / †¢ inappropriacy †¢ appropriately †¢ appropriateness †¢ inappropriate †¢ inappropriately †¢ inappropriateness ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -1- Nhom 2 Aspect: Khia c nhShe felt she had looked at the problem from every aspect. The book aims to cover all aspects of city life. Assist: (~help) Giup n We'll do all we can to assist you. We will assist you in finding somewhere to live. We are looking for people who would be willing to assist in the group's work. Anyone willing to assist can contact this number. †¢ assistance †¢ assistant †¢ unassisted (=aided) Category: Nhom The results can be divided into three main categories. †¢ categorization †¢ categorize Chapter: Chuong (sach) Commission: M nh l nh, ra l nh The government has set up a commission of inquiry into the disturbances at the prison. commissioner (=police commissioner) Community: Phu ng, h i The local community was shocked by the murders. Health workers based in the community (= working with people in a local area) Complex: (~complicated) Ph c t p A complex argument/problem/subject The complex structure of the human brain †¢ complexity Compute: U c tinh The losses were computed at ? 5 million. †¢ computable †¢ computation †¢ computational †¢ computer †¢ computing ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -2- Nhom 2 Conclude: (~end) K t thuc The programme concluded with Stravinsky's ‘Rite of Spring’. He concluded by wishing everyone a safe trip homeShe concluded her speech with a quotation from Shakespeare. The concert concluded with a firework display. I would like to conclude by thanking you all for attending. †¢ conclusion †¢ con clusive / †¢ inconclusive †¢ conclusively / †¢ inconclusively Conduct: Ti n hanh, t ch c They conducted a vigorous campaign for a shorter working week. To conduct an experiment/an inquiry/a survey Consequence: (~result) K t qu To suffer/face/take the consequences of your actions This decision could have serious consequences for the industry Two hundred people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger. If you make im angry, you'll have to suffer the consequences. †¢ consequent †¢ consequently Construct (~build) (thu ng th b n ng) Xay d ng When was the bridge constructed? They constructed a shelter out of fallen branches. The building was constructed in 1930. †¢ construction / †¢ reconstruction †¢ constructive †¢ constructively †¢ reconstruct Consumer: Khach hang Health-conscious consumers want more information about the food they buy †¢ consume †¢ consumption Credit: S khen ng i I can't take all the credit for th e show's success—it was a team effort. †¢ creditor ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nhom 2 Culture: (Thu c) van hoaCultural differences between the two communities †¢ cultural †¢ culturally †¢ cultured †¢ uncultured Design(v. n) Phac th o, thi t k , ki u The magazine will appear in a new design from next month. There was a fault in the design of the aircraft. The machine's unique design prevents it from overheating. †¢ designer Distinct: (~diffirent) (distinction): Khac nhau The results of the survey fell into two distinct groups. Jamaican reggae music is quite distinct from North American jazz or blues. This word has three distinct meanings. †¢ distinction / †¢ indistinct †¢ distinctive / †¢ distinctively †¢ distinctly / †¢ indistinctly †¢ distinctnessElement: Y u t Cost was a key element in our decision Equate: Coi ngang, ngang v i Many people equate wealth with happiness. I don't see how yo u can equate the two things. †¢ equation Evaluate: (~assess) ? anh gia, u c lu ng We need to evaluate how well the policy is working Our research attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the different drugs. †¢ evaluation / †¢ re-evaluation †¢ evaluative †¢ re-evaluate ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -4- Nhom 2 Feature: Net n c trung, tinh nang rieng An interesting feature of the city is the old market. Which features do you look for when choosing a car? Final: Cu i cungThey find each other in the final chapter of the book †¢ finality †¢ finalization †¢ finalize †¢ finally Focus (+on): T p trung (+vao) †¢ refocus Impact: Tac n ng, nh hu ng Her speech made a profound impact on everyone. Latino singers have had a major impact on pop music this year. Injury: Ch n thuong There were no injuries in the crash (= no people injured) †¢ injure †¢ injured †¢ uninjured Institute: Vi n, H c Vi n †¢ institution †¢ institutional †¢ institutionalization †¢ institutionalize †¢ institutionalized †¢ institutionally Invest: ? u tu Now is a good time to invest in the property market †¢ investment †¢ investor †¢ reinvest reinvestment ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -5- Nhom 2 Item: ? , v t Can I pay for each item separately? †¢ itemize Journal: (~newspaper~magazine) Bao, t p chi Maintain: (~ keep) (~preserve )Gi The two countries have always maintained close relations. To maintain law and order/standards/a balance The army has been brought in to maintain order in the region. †¢ maintenance Normal: Binh thu ng It's normal to feel tired after such a long trip. It's perfectly normal to feel some degree of stress at work. That's a fairly normal weight for someone of your height. Now that trains are running again things are back to normal.He should be able to lead a perfectly normal life. †¢ normalcy †¢ normality †¢ norma lization †¢ normalize †¢ normally / †¢ abnormally †¢ abnormal Obtain: (~get) L y nu c I finally managed to obtain a copy of the report He obtained a law degree from the University of California. †¢ obtainable / †¢ unobtainable Participate (~take part in) Tham gia She didn't participate in the discussion †¢ participant †¢ participation †¢ participatory Perceive = hi u (understad) = trong th y (see) = nh n th c, nh n th y She did not perceive herself as disabled. I perceived a change in his behaviour. The patient was perceived to have difficulty in breathing. perception ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 2 Positive: T tin, n y hi v ng A positive attitude/outlook She tried to be more positive about her new job On the positive side, profits have increased. †¢ positively Potential: Ti m tang, ti m nang A potential danger/threat A potential customer A number of potential buyers have expressed interest in the building. †¢ potentially Previous: (~prior~before) Tru c No previous experience is necessary for this job. The car has only had one previous owner. She is his daughter from a previous marriage. †¢ previously †¢ previous to Primary: (~prime; main; most important; basic) chinhThe primary aim of this course is to improve your spoken English. Her primary responsibility is to train new employees. Our primary concern must be the children. Good health care is of primary importance. †¢ primarily Purchase: s mua ban Make a purchase (= buy something) Keep your receipt as proof of purchase. †¢ purchaser †¢ purchasing Range: Nhi u lo i (~variety) A range of colours/patterns There is a full range of activities for children The hotel offers a wide range of facilities. We discussed a wide range of subjects. ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -7- Nhom 2 Region: Vung mi nPeople in the regions should not have to travel to London to fly to the United States †¢ re gional †¢ regionally Regulate: Ch nh non, quy n nh The activities of credit companies are regulated by law. Laws regulating advertising Babies find it difficult to regulate their body temperature. It is up to the regulating authority to put the measures into effect. †¢ regulation †¢ regulator †¢ regulatory †¢ deregulate †¢ deregulation †¢ deregulatory †¢ unregulated Relevant: (+to) Lien quan Education should be relevant to children's needs. A relevant suggestion/question/point Do you have the relevant experience? Send me all the relevant information. irrelevance †¢ irrelevancy †¢ irrelevant †¢ irrelevantly †¢ relevance †¢ relevantly Reside: (~live) Cu tru He returned to Britain in 1939, having resided abroad for many years. Their passports do not give them the right to reside in Britain †¢ residence †¢ residency †¢ resident †¢ residential ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -8- Nhom 2 Re source: Tai nguyen The exploitation of minerals and other natural resources We do not have the resources (= money) to update our computer software †¢ resourceful †¢ resourcefully †¢ resourcefulness †¢ under-resourced Restrict: (~limit) H n ch Restrict something to something Speed is restricted to 30 mph in towns.We restrict the number of students per class to 10. †¢ restricted †¢ restriction †¢ restrictive †¢ restrictively †¢ unrestricted Secure: Ch c ch n, b o n m, an toan It's not a very secure way to make a living. The future of the company looks secure. The building is secure against intruders †¢ securely †¢ security †¢ insecure †¢ insecurely †¢ insecurity Seek: (~find~looking for) Tim Highly qualified secretary seeks employment. They sought in vain for somewhere to shelter. (†¦Tim ki m trong vo v ng†¦) †¢ sought (past) Select: (~choose~chose) Ch n He hasn't been selected for the team. †¢ s election †¢ selective †¢ selectively †¢ selectivity inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -9- †¢ selector Nhom 2 Site: Vung n t (Xay d ng) A site has been chosen for the new school. Strategy: Chi n lu c It's all part of an overall strategy to gain promotion †¢ strategic †¢ strategical †¢ strategically †¢ strategist Survey: Kh o sat A recent survey showed 75% of those questioned were in favour of the plan. Carry out a survey†¦ Text: Ch (sach, bao, van b n) Highlight the area of text on screen and press the ‘delete’ key. textual Tradition: Truy n th ng The company has a long tradition of fine design. †¢ traditional †¢ traditionalist †¢ traditionally †¢ non-traditional Transfer: Di chuy n, s di chuy nHow can I transfer money from my bank account to his? †¢ transferability †¢ transferable †¢ transference ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com – 10 – Nhom 3 Alterna tive: S l a ch n You can be paid in cash weekly or by cheque monthly; those are the two alternatives †¢ alternatively Circumstance: Hoan c nh, tru ng h p, tinh hu ng We were simply thrown together by circumstance on the long journey. Comment: L i nh n xet, l i binh She made helpful comments on my work. †¢ commentary †¢ commentator Compensate: B i thu ng Her lawyers say she should be compensated for the suffering she had been caused. †¢ compensation †¢ compensatoryComponent: Thanh ph n Key components of the government's plan are†¦ Trust is a vital component in any relationship. (quan tr ng†¦) Consent: (permission, agreement) S n ng i He is charged with taking a car without the owner's consent. †¢ consensus †¢ consent Considerable: (~significant)? ang k , l n lao (amount, size, importance, etc. ) The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money The damage has been considerable. Considerable progress has been made in finding a cure for the disease. †¢ considerably Constant: Thu ng xuyen (kien tri, chung th y) Babies need constant attention This entrance is in constant use. She's in constant pain. constancy †¢ constantly †¢ inconstancy †¢ inconstant ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -1- Nhom 3 Constrain: B t ep She felt constrained from continuing by the threat of losing her job. To constrain someone to do something: ep bu c ai lam vi c gi Regulations that constrain industry I'm constrained by decisions made in the past. The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it. The company said that it was constrained to raise prices. †¢ constraint †¢ unconstrained Contribute: ? ong gop, gop ph n We contributed ? 5000 to the earthquake fund. †¢ contribution †¢ contributor Conventional: Tinh truy n th ngIt's not a hotel, in the conventional sense, but rather a whole village turned into a hotel. †¢ convene †¢ convention †¢ conventio nality †¢ conventionally †¢ unconventional †¢ unconventionality †¢ unconventionally Coordinate: S ph i h p, h p tac A pamphlet produced by the government in coordination with (= working together with) the Sports Council †¢ coordination †¢ coordinator Core: Nhan, loi, nong c t Concern for the environment is at the core of our policies. Corporate: (thu c) t ch c corporate finance/planning/strategy The law applies to both individuals and corporate bodies. †¢ corporation ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] om -2- Nhom 3 Corresponding: Tuong ng, n i v i A change in the money supply brings a corresponding change in expenditure. Profits have risen by 15 per cent compared with the corresponding period last year. †¢ correspond †¢ correspondence †¢ correspondingly Criteria: Tieu chu n What criteria are used for assessing a student's ability? Deduce: (~infer )Suy lu n, suy di n From the contents of his shopping basket, I deduced that he was single. We can deduce a lot from what people choose to buy. †¢ deducible †¢ deduction Demonstrate: Ch ng minh, gi i thich (show) Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing.The theories were demonstrated to be false. These problems demonstrate the importance of planning. She demonstrated how to use the new software. †¢ demo †¢ demonstrable †¢ demonstrably †¢ demonstrate †¢ demonstration †¢ demonstrative †¢ demonstratively †¢ demonstrator Document: Tu li u (in tren gi y) †¢ documentation Dominant: M nh nh t, quan tr ng nh t, nang luu i nh t The dominant feature of the room was the large fireplace. †¢ dominance †¢ dominate †¢ domination ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nhom 3 Emphasis: (~stress ) T m quan tr ng The emphasis is very much on learning the spoken language.Schools are starting to place/put greater emphasis on passing exams. To put/lay/place emphasis on somethi ng We provide all types of information, with an emphasis on legal advice. †¢ emphasize †¢ emphatic †¢ emphatically Ensure: B o n m, b o hi m Victory ensured them a place in the final. Exclude: Ngan ch n, lo i tr Try excluding fat from your diet. Buses run every hour, Sundays excluded. Women are still excluded from the club. †¢ excluding †¢ exclusion †¢ exclusionary †¢ exclusive †¢ exclusively †¢ exclusiveness Framework: Khuon kh We are currently exploring new approaches within existing frameworks of practice and thinking Fund: Qu †¢ funder funding Illustrate: Minh h a An illustrated children's book His lecture was illustrated with photos taken during the expedition. This new discovery illustrates how little we know about early human history. †¢ illustration †¢ illustrative ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -4- Nhom 3 Immigrate: Nh p cu About 6. 6 million people immigrated to the United States in the 1970s. â⠂¬ ¢ immigrant †¢ immigration †¢ immigration control Imply: Ng i Are you implying (that) I am wrong? imply something His silence seemed to imply agreement. It was implied that we were at fault. An implied criticism (ng i ch trich) Initial: ? u tien, ban n uIn the initial stages (= at the beginning) of the campaig My initial reaction was to decline the offer. Initially, the system worked well. †¢ initially Instance: Vi d In most instances, there will be no need for further treatment. Many teenagers earn money, for instance by babysitting or cleaning cars. The report highlights a number of instances of injustice. Interaction: Giao ti p Our work involves a lot of interaction with the customers. The only thing he interacts with is his computer! Teachers have a limited amount of time to interact with each child. †¢ interact †¢ interactive †¢ interactively †¢ interactivity Justification: Bi n minhI can see no possible justification for any further tax in creases. There's no justification for treating her so badly. †¢ justifiable †¢ justifiably †¢ justified †¢ justify †¢ unjustified ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -5- Nhom 3 Layer: S p l p The potatoes are layered with onion. Link: M t xich, s k t n i Police suspect there may be a link between the two murders. †¢ linkage Locate: (~site) T a l c, n t v tri be located in/near/on, etc They located their headquarters in Swindon. †¢ located †¢ location †¢ relocate †¢ relocation Maximise: (~maximase) T i na hoa †¢ max †¢ maximization †¢ maximum Minor: Nh , khong quan tr ng (>< large)Women played a relatively minor role in the organization. †¢ minority Negative (~ bad ~ harmful) X u, gay h i Terrorist threats have had a very negative impact on tourism. The crisis had a negative effect on trade. The whole experience was definitely more positive than negative. †¢ negate †¢ negatively Outcome: K t l u n, k t qu We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations. We are confident of a successful outcome. Partnership: Quan h n ng nghi p He developed his own program in partnership with an American expert. †¢ partner ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 3 Philosophy: Tri t h c †¢ philosopher philosophic †¢ philosophical †¢ philosophically †¢ philosophize †¢ philosophizing Physical: Th ch t (adj) He tends to avoid all physical contact. †¢ physically Proportion: Ph n, t l Water covers a large proportion of the earth's surface. The proportion of regular smokers increases with age. A higher proportion of Americans go on to higher education than is the case in Britain. Children make up a large proportion of the world's population. †¢ proportional †¢ proportionally †¢ proportionate †¢ proportionately †¢ disproportion †¢ disproportionate †¢ disproportionately Published: Xu t b n The first e dition was published in 2007. †¢ publisher publishing †¢ unpublished Reaction: Ph n ng What was his reaction to the news? People can react badly to certain food additives. (†¦ph gia th c ph m) †¢ react †¢ reactionary †¢ reactivate †¢ reactivation ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -7- †¢ reactive †¢ reactor = nuclear reactor Registered: ? a nu c nang ki The ship was registered in Panama †¢ registration Nhom 3 Rely: Tin tu ng, d a vao (+on, upon) These days we rely heavily on computers to organize / organizing our work. †¢ reliability †¢ reliable †¢ reliably †¢ reliance †¢ reliant †¢ unreliability †¢ unreliable Remove: D i, di chuy n, nu i, xoa He removed his hand from her shoulder.Three children were removed from the school for persistent bad behaviour. †¢ removable †¢ removal Scheme: Am muu, i n , k ho ch A local scheme for recycling newspapers To introduce/operate a scheme t o improve links between schools and industry †¢ schematic †¢ schematically Sequence: S n i ti p, s lien ti p He described the sequence of events leading up to the robbery. (†¦v cu p) I got my slides mixed up and they appeared out of sequence. †¢ sequencing †¢ sequential †¢ sequentially Sex: Gi i tinh How can you tell what sex a fish is? †¢ sexism †¢ sexual ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -8- †¢ sexuality †¢ sexually Nhom 3Shift: Thay n i (tinh tinh, v tri, suy nghi, b n ch t, hinh dang) There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion on this matter. Public attitudes towards marriage have shifted over the past 50 years. Specify: Ch ro, ghi ro Remember to specify your size when ordering clothes. Forms must be returned by the specified date. †¢ specifiable †¢ unspecified Sufficient: ? Allow sufficient time to get there. These reasons are not sufficient to justify the ban. Is ? 100 sufficient for your expenses ? She didn't have sufficient time to answer all the questions. I was sufficiently close to hear what they were saying. †¢ insufficiency †¢ insufficient insufficiently †¢ sufficiency †¢ sufficiently Task: Nhi m v , ph n s Our first task is to set up a communications system. I was given the task of sorting out all the stuff in the garage Getting hold of this information was no easy task (= was difficult). Technical: (thu c) k thu t, chuyen mon We offer free technical support for those buying our software. Techniques: K x o, phuong phap k thu t, ki nang Her technique has improved a lot over the past season. Technology: K thu t h c,cong ngh h c The company has invested in the latest technology. †¢ technically †¢ technological †¢ technologically ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] om -9- Nhom 3 Valid: H p l , h p li She had valid reasons for not supporting the proposals. The point you make is perfectly valid. A valid argument †¢ invalidate †¢ invalidation †¢ invalidity †¢ validate †¢ validation †¢ validity †¢ validly Volume: Tuy n t p, t ng s lu ng, t ng lu ng How do you measure the volume of a gas This work has grown in volume recently. ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com – 10 – Nhom 4 Access: Truy c p You need a password to get access to the computer system. †¢ accessibility †¢ accessible †¢ inaccessibility †¢ inaccessible Adequate: ? I didn't have adequate time to prepare. The room was small but adequate.He didn't give an adequate answer to the question. Adequate for something The space available is not adequate for our needs. Adequate to do something training that is adequate to meet the future needs of industry †¢ adequacy †¢ adequately †¢ inadequacy †¢ inadequate †¢ inadequately Annual: Thu ng nien An average annual growth rate of 8% †¢ annually Apparent: Ro rang, hi n nhien It soon became apparent that she had lost interest in the project. Suddenly, for no apparent reason (= without a reason) he started screaming and shouting. Apparent (from something) (that†¦) It was apparent from her face that she was really upset.Apparent (to somebody) (that†¦) It soon became apparent to everyone that he couldn't sing. †¢ apparently Approximate: X p x The cost given is only approximate. †¢ approximately †¢ approximation ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -1- Nhom 4 Attitude: Thai n , quan ni m To have a good/bad/positive/negative attitude towards somebody/something The government's attitude towards single parents If you want to pass your exams you'd better change your attitude! You're taking a pretty selfish attitude over this, aren't you? He has a very bad attitude to/towards work.Attribute: Quy cho, cho r ng (n c bi t la noi, vi t, v smth) She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck. †¢ attributable †¢ attribution Civil: N i b †¢ civilly Code: B lu t It's written in code. Commitment: L i h a, rang bu c She doesn't want to make a big emotional commitment to Steve at the moment The company's commitment to providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success. †¢ commit †¢ committed Communicate: Giao ti p, lien l c We only communicate by email. To communicate information/a message to somebody Has the news been communicated to the staff yet? Dolphins use sound to communicate with each other. communicable †¢ communication †¢ communicative Concentrate: S t p trung; noi t p trung A concentration of industry in the north of the country †¢ concentrated †¢ concentration ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -2- Nhom 4 Conference: H i ngh , s ban b c She is attending a three-day conference on AIDS education †¢ confer Contrast: S khac bi t, S tuong ph n Contrast (between A and B) There is an obvious contrast between the cultures of East and West. Contrast (to somebody/something) The company lost $7 million this quarter in contrast to a profit of $6. 2 million a year earlier. †¢ contrasting †¢ contrastive Cycle: Chu ki, chu trinhThey could not break the cycle of harvest failure, food shortage, price increase and misery. †¢ cyclic †¢ cyclical †¢ cyclically Debate: Cu c tranh lu n, cu c th o lu n The motion under debate (= being discussed) was put to a vote. After a long debate, Congress approved the proposal. †¢ debatable †¢ debating Despite: M c du Her voice was shaking despite all her efforts to control it Dimension: Kich c (size, cao, r ng, dai,†¦) We measured the dimensions of the kitchen. †¢ -dimensional (adj) having the number of dimensions mentioned (ex: a multidimensional model) †¢ multidimensional ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nhom 4Domestic: Trong nu c Output consists of both exports and sales on the domestic market. †¢ domestically †¢ domesticate à ¢â‚¬ ¢ domesticated †¢ domestication Emerge: (~transpire) L ra, ti t l ra (m t bi m t, m t s ki n.. ) It emerged that the company was going to be sold. No new evidence emerged during the investigation. A figure emerged from the shadows. †¢ emergence †¢ emergent Error: ~ Mistake: L i Error in something There are too many errors in your work. Error in doing something I think you have made an error in calculating the total. †¢ erroneous †¢ erroneously Ethnic: (thu c) b t c ethnic Albanians living in Germany †¢ ethnically †¢ ethnicityGoal: M c tieu Our ultimate goal must be the preservation of the environment. Grant: Tr c p The bank finally granted me a ? 500 loan. †¢ granted Hence = so = vi th nen = therefore I love SP so much, hence I try to be the her Mr. Right. He's got an interview today, hence the suit. ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -4- Nhom 4 Hypothesis: Gi thuy t There is little evidence to support these hypotheses. †¢ hypothesize †¢ hypothetical †¢ hypothetically Implement: (~carry out) Ap d ng, thi hanh (offically) Our new computerized system will soon be fully implemented. A new work programme for young people will be implemented †¢ implementationImplication: S keo theo, s dinh liu, h qu (effect? ) Financial/health implications They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions. This scheme has serious implications for the local economy. They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions. †¢ implicate Impose: Ap n t, ap d ng She is always trying to impose her opinion on/upon other people The time limits are imposed on us by factors outside our control. (to impose upon someone's kindness — l i d ng long t t c a ai) I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children. †¢ imposition Integrate: H p nh t ~ Combine An integrated databaseIntegrate into/with something These programs will integrate with your existing software. I ntegrate A (into/with B)| integrate A and B These programs can be integrated with your existing software. Plans to integrate the two schools †¢ integrated †¢ integration Internal: N i, n i b The internal structure of a building †¢ internalization ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -5- †¢ internalize †¢ internally Nhom 4 Investigate: ? i u tra, nghien c u This is not the first time he has been investigated by the police for fraud. The FBI has been called in to investigate. Police are investigating possible links between the murders.Police are investigating what happened. He has been questioned by detectives investigating Jenkins' murder. †¢ investigation †¢ investigative †¢ investigator †¢ investigatory Job: Ngh nghi p She took a job as a waitress. Label: Nhan hi u He'll only wear clothes with a designer label. Mechanism: May moc, co ch (nghia nen va bong) Pain acts as a natural defence mechanism. Obvious: Ro rang, ranh m ch, hi n nhien †¢ obviously †¢ obviousness Occupational: (thu c) ngh nghi p Occupational disease †¢ occupancy †¢ occupant †¢ occupation †¢ occupationally †¢ occupied †¢ occupier †¢ occupy Option: S l a ch n There are various options open to you. inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 4 (various = variety of) †¢ optional Output: S n ph m Manufacturing output has increased by 8%. Over the past year the factory's output has fallen by 15%. Overall: (~bib overalls) T ng l i, toan th (adj) There will be winners in each of three age groups, and one overall winner. An overall improvement in standards of living (= affecting everyone) The overall effect We lost the first game, but won overall. Parallel: Song song, tuong t The road and the canal are parallel to each other. Parallel adverb The road and the canal run parallel to each other. The plane flew parallel to the coast. unparalleled Parameter: Tham s (set/define the parameter s) We had to work within the parameters that had already been established. Phase: Giai no n, th i ki (~time, moment) She's going through a difficult phase. The wedding marked the beginning of a new phase in Emma's life. The first phase of the project is scheduled for completion next year. My younger daughter is going through a phase of only wearing black. Predict: (~forecast) D noan She predicted (that) the election result would be close. They predicted that the temperature would reach 80 degrees today. †¢ predictability †¢ predictable †¢ predictably prediction †¢ unpredictability †¢ unpredictable ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -7- †¢ unpredictably Nhom 4 Principal: Chinh, ch y u My principal concern is to get the job done fast. Her principal reason for moving is to be nearer her mother. New roads will link the principal cities of the area. †¢ principally Prior ~ before (adj) She will be unable to attend because of a prior engageme nt. The course requires no prior knowledge of Spanish. Visits are by prior arrangement. Please give us prior notice if you need an evening meal. During the week prior to the meeting Although not essential (c n thi t, quan tr ng? , some prior knowledge of statistics is desirable (ong mu n) Professional: (=pro) Chuyen nghi p He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way. †¢ pro †¢ professionalism †¢ professionally Project: D an, cong trinh nghien c u To set up a project to computerize the library system †¢ projection Promote: (~encourage) Khuy n khich A campaign to promote awareness (nh n th c) of environmental issues Policies to promote economic growth †¢ promoter †¢ promotion Regime: Ch n , chinh th Resolve: (~settle, solve) Gi i quy t Both sides met in order to try to resolve their differences. To resolve an issue/a dispute/a conflict/a crisis inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -8- Nhom 4 Be patient and the situation may resolve it self. An attempt to resolve the dispute (M t s c g ng gi i quy t tranh ch p) †¢ resolution †¢ unresolved Retain: (~preserve) Gi To retain your independence He struggled to retain control of the situation. The house retains much of its original charm. She retained her tennis title for the third year. This information is no longer retained within the computer's main memory. She has a good memory and finds it easy to retain facts. The council will retain control of the school. He struggled to retain control of the situation. †¢ retainer †¢ retention retentive Series: Lo t, day, chu i The first episode of the new series is on Saturday. Statistic (stats/star): S li u th ng ke According to official statistics the disease killed over 500 people. †¢ statistical †¢ statistically †¢ statistician Status: ? a v , than ph n Women are only asking to be given equal status with men. Stress: Ap l c Things can easily go wrong when people are under stress. †¢ st ressed †¢ stressed out †¢ stressful †¢ unstressed Subsequent: ? n sau, theo sau, x y sa sau (>< previous) Developments on this issue will be dealt with in a subsequent report. Aubsequent generations ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected]mail. com 9- Nhom 4 Subsequent events confirmed our doubts. †¢ subsequently (~later) The original interview notes were subsequently lost. Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees. He subsequently became chairman of the party. Sum: T ng s (ti n) Huge sums have been invested in this project. Summary: Tom t t In summary, this was a disappointing performance. The following is a summary of our conclusions. †¢ summarily †¢ summarize †¢ summation †¢ sum Undertake: Nh n lam, cam k t I cant undertake to do that: toi khong th nh n lam ni u no The company has announced that it will undertake a full investigation into the accident. †¢ undertaking undertook ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protect ed] com – 10 – Nhom 5 Academic: Co tinh ch t h c thu t The students return in October for the start of the new academic year. †¢ academe †¢ academia †¢ academically †¢ academy Adjustment: S ni u ch nh I've made a few adjustments to the design. †¢ adjust †¢ readjust †¢ readjustment Alter: Thay n i, bi n n i (n i, ngo i) Prices did not alter significantly during 2007. He had altered so much I scarcely recognized him. Alter somebody/something It doesn't alter the way I feel. Nothing can alter the fact that we are to blame. †¢ alterable †¢ alteration †¢ alternate †¢ alternately †¢ alternation †¢ unalterable unaltered Amend: S a ch a l i (n i v i van b n: Lu t, h p n ng, tai li u) The contract has now been amended. †¢ amendment Aware: Nh n th y, Nh n bi t As far as I'm aware, nobody has done anything about it. Aware of something I don't think people are really aware of just how much it costs. He was well aware of the problem. Everybody should be made aware of the risks involved. Aware that†¦ Were you aware that something was wrong? †¢ awareness †¢ unaware †¢ unawareness ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -1- Nhom 5 Capacity: (~skilled, competent ) Co tai, co nang l c, co kh nang Capable of something You are capable of better work than this.Capable of doing something He's quite capable of lying to get out of trouble. I'm perfectly capable of doing it myself, thank you. †¢ incapacitate Challenge: S khu c t It was a direct challenge to the president's authority. †¢ challenged †¢ challenger †¢ challenging Clause: ? i u kho n (trong hi p u c, b lu t†¦) There is a clause in the contract forbidding tenants to sublet. Compound: H p ch t, t ghep†¦ (th g m 2 th tr len h p thanh) Common salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine. Conflict: S xung n t, n i l p, s va ch m John often comes into conflict with his boss. She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.The government has done nothing to resolve the conflict over nurses' pay. Consultation: S tham kh o, ban b c, s th o lu n The decision was taken after close consultation with local residents. †¢ consult †¢ consultancy †¢ consultant †¢ consultative Contact: S lien l c, lien h She's lost contact with her son. I finally made contact her in Paris. Have you kept in contact with any of your friends from college? The organization put me in contact with other people in a similar position. †¢ contactable Decline: S suy s p, tan t , suy tan The town fell into (a) after the mine closed. Industry in Britain has been in decline since the 1970s. inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -2- Nhom 5 Discretion: S t do lam theo y minh, s tuy i I'll leave it up to you to use your discretion. †¢ discrete †¢ discretely †¢ discreteness †¢ discretionary †¢ indiscretion Draft: B n phac th o I've mad e a rough draft of the letter. (phac th o nhap) The legislation is still in draft form. †¢ redraft Enable: (~allow): Lam cho co th (help? ) The software enables you to create your own DVDs. Insulin enables the body to use and store sugar. Energy: Nang lu ng It is important to conserve energy. †¢ energetic †¢ energetically Enforce: Ep bu c. (obey: tuan theo)The legislation will be difficult to enforce. It is the duty of the police to enforce the law. United Nations troops enforced a ceasefire in the area. (l nh ng ng b n) †¢ enforceable †¢ enforced †¢ enforcement Entity: Th c th , s t n t i These countries can no longer be viewed as a single entity. The unit has become part of a larger department and no longer exists as a separate entity. Equivalent: Tuong nuong 250 grams or an equivalent amount in ouncesequivalent to something Eight kilometres is roughly equivalent to five miles. †¢ equivalence ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nh om 5Evolution: Ti n hoa, ti n tri n (qua trinh) Darwin's theory of evolution †¢ evolutionarily †¢ evolutionary †¢ evolutionism †¢ evolutionist †¢ evolve Expansion: S m r ng, s phat tri n The expansion of higher education will continue. †¢ expand †¢ expansionism †¢ expansionist †¢ expansive †¢ expansively †¢ expansiveness Expose: (~reveal ) V ch tr n, phoi bay My job as a journalist is to expose the truth. Expose something to somebody He did not want to expose his fears and insecurity to anyone. †¢ exposed †¢ exposure External: ngoai, ben ngoai The lotion is for external use only (= only for the skin and must not be swallowed). externality †¢ externalization †¢ externalize †¢ externally Facilitate: Lam cho d dang, kh thi hon The new trade agreement should facilitate more rapid economic growth. †¢ facilitation †¢ facilitator †¢ facility ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -4- Nho m 5 Fundamental: (~basic, essential ) Co b n, co s , ch y u There is a fundamental difference between the two points of view. A fundamental change in the organization of health services was required. †¢ fundamentally Generate: Sinh ra, phat ra We need someone to generate new ideas. Generation: Th h I often wonder what future generations will make of our efforts.Image: Hinh tu ng The aim is to improve the public image of the police. †¢ imagery Liberal: Khoan dung, khoan h ng, dung hoa A liberal attitude Her parents were very liberal. †¢ liberalism †¢ liberalization †¢ liberalize †¢ liberally †¢ liberate †¢ liberated †¢ liberation †¢ liberator Licence: Gi y phep A licence for the software You need a licence to fish in this river. †¢ unlicensed Logic: Lo gic, tinh lo gic I fail to see the logic behind his argument. †¢ illogical / †¢ logical †¢ illogicality †¢ illogically ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protecte d] com -5- Nhom 5 †¢ logically †¢ logician Margin: s khac nhau trong s phi u b uHe won by a narrow margin. She beat the other runners by a margin of ten seconds. †¢ marginal †¢ marginally Medical: (thu c) Y, Y h c Medical school: tru ng y A medical officer: quan y si †¢ medically Mental: (thu c) tri tu , (thu c) tri oc I made a mental note to talk to her about it He has a complete mental block (= difficulty in understanding or remembering) when it comes to physics. †¢ mentality †¢ mentally Modify: (~adjust) Lam d u nh , xoa d u; (~ adapt): S a n i, thay n i The software we use has been modified for us. †¢ modification †¢ unmodified Monitor: Quan sat, theo doi (s thay n i) Network: M ng lu i, h th ngA network of veins Notion: Khai ni m, ni m, ni m tin, quan ni m She had only a vague notion of what might happen. Notion (that†¦) I have to reject the notion that greed can be a good thing. Objective: Khach quan I can’t be objective when I judge my daughter’s work. †¢ objectively †¢ objectivity ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 5 Orientation: S n nh hu ng He's very secretive about his political orientation. orientation to/towards something Companies have been forced into a greater orientation to the market. †¢ orient †¢ orientate †¢ reorient †¢ reorientation Perspective: (~viewpoint) Quan ni m, goc nhin nh n

Philosophy Statement

I believe that each child learns at their own pace, and it’s important to accommodate each individual. To reference Pestalozzi, I also believe children have more meaningful learning experiences with hands-on activities and it allows them to draw their own conclusions because they are experiencing what they’re learning first hand. I believe it’s my job as a teacher to create an environment that encourages children to think critically and allow them to experience things first hand.I also understand that each child learns differently, and not every child is the same, and it’s my job as a teacher to accommodate them to the best of my ability and create an environment where children feel comfortable to ask questions or voice their opinions. My goal as a teacher is to be a good role model to my students. I want to be able to develop a relationship with each of my students. I to be able help children with their self esteem by promoting individuality and diversity .I also understand the importance of assessment and believe it’s my job to assess each student thoroughly to better understand them and help them through whatever they are struggling with. I also believe it’s important to create an environment that promotes a child’s autonomy, to help them draw their own conclusions and think critically to help them build skills early on that they will need throughout adulthood. Over all I want to be the one teacher in a child’s life who made a difference.I believe that one of my strengths is that I’m accepting of others. I come from a half Hispanic and half Irish family and I was immersed in both cultures. I accept people no matter their religion, culture, or ethnicity and I promote diversity because I come from a diverse family. I believe this will be a very positive attribute when dealing with families and students because not every student is the same and it’s important to make each family feel welcome i n the classroom regardless of their cultural background.I also believe that I am a very observant person which would be a very important skill in assessing my students which is a very significant part of being a teacher. I’ve always been observant, even as a child, I wanted to understand how things worked and why certain things affected others. Properly assessing students can put help put a stop to bullying, it can allow the teacher to better understand their students and find a method of teaching that works for each individual, and also can help keep parents updated on their child’s learning development.An area of future growth would be my communication skills. I’m not very articulate when I talk to crowds; I get nervous and falter my words. I’m more of a quiet person, I like to keep thoughts to myself and when I’m forced to express them I feel out of my element. This is something that is a work in progress and it is, slowly but surely, getting mu ch easier for me. This is very important as a teacher to be able to effectively speak to the students and teach the material well. It’s also very important to keep in contact with parents to update them on activities and their child’s progress.

Environmental Health and Safety Essay

Explain which of the following two approaches to enhance food safety would be more effective in the long run- a stronger enforcement program by the local health department, or a mandatory food safety training requirement for all restaurant employees. Describe worker behaviors that may promote or compromise food safety. Provide two examples. Describe the top one recommendation you would give to the public to prevent being bit by mosquitoes that may transmit West Nile Virus. Justify your choice. Describe the top one recommendation you would give to the community to control the mosquito population in the community. It is my recommendation to implement a mandatory food safety training requirement for all restaurant employees. In order for this process to be effective education is very important. If restaurant employees are not educated on proper food handling, preparation, cleaning procedures in the kitchen they are destined to fail any type of standards and inspections. Because of the lack of funding and other resources Public Health departments are limited therefore establishments may only get inspected one to six times per year. According to Allison Knezevich, a reporter from the Charleston Gazette in West Virginia, â€Å"A critical violation is an infraction that is capable of spreading foodborne illness such as chicken salad that are not kept cold enough, on ice or refrigerated or employees who don’t practice adequate hand hygiene. † She also stated, â€Å"Under the current rules, an establishment can have five uncorrectable critical violations before it is shut down. † (Knezevich 2008). The behaviors of workers can promote or compromise food safety. Questions like why don’t food handlers wash their hands? Why isn’t that food stored at the required temperatures? When asked workers usually say they didn’t realize the possible dangers associated with food safety or lack thereof. As a food service manager you have to influence the workers behaviors to achieve an acceptable change and implement consequences if changes are not met, increase awareness of a need for change, promote awareness and employ reminder systems, provide training and guidance in performing the action, use verbal reinforcement, and demonstrate desired behaviors. Jenkins-McLean, 2004) How does this get accomplished? Demonstrate proper hand washing, use examples of restaurant foodborne outbreaks, involve the staff in mock inspections, and possibly have weekly meetings to re-emphasize key food protection points. When this occurs you will have a restaurant staff that not only exhibits proper worker behavior, but also understands why food safety is an extremely important issue and food Preparation is even more complex than ever. Ultimately mandating educational programs and professional training for restaurant employees is the best way to limit the spread of foodborne illness and promote healthy food safety practices. By doing this you will reduce the number of reportable public health illnesses that occur as a result of improper food preparation or handling. Being one of the most abundant insects in the world mosquitos have in some way made life miserable of every person on the planet be it a skin irritation caused from the saliva from the mosquito. A more serious consequence of some types of mosquito bites is the transmission of serious diseases such as dengue fever, malaria, different forms of encephalitis to include â€Å"West Nile Virus which has affected over 30,000 people in the U. S. since 1999†(EPA 2012). There are about 200 different species of mosquitos that live in the United States, and they all live in specific habitats, exhibit behaviors unique to its species and prey on different types of animals but all of these different species of mosquitoes have one thing in common they all have a four-stage life cycle. Humans aren’t the only creatures who can be infected by mosquitos other mammals such as dogs and horses can be afflicted with such diseases as dog heart worms, West Nile Virus and eastern equine encephalitis in horses. All mosquitos lay their eggs in standing water but if the water has predators such as fish and dragonfly nymphs in it they will not and if they do the eggs will be eaten. Other sites in which other species lay their eggs include buckets, old tires, tree holes, and potted plant trays. One of the most dangerous and annoying species such as the Asian tiger come from these types of sites. As a Healthcare Administrator of a local health clinic faced with the problem of mosquitos in your community I would put together a small task force of educators and pest control works to hold a class in a large enough building to accommodate the community members and the class would be on how to protect yourself from biting mosquitos, and the risk of being infected with by deadly disease. The community members will be taught how to apply insect repellent to all exposed skin, how to choose the right type of repellent so that you and your family can enjoy the outside more, what to look for in the ingredients used. They will also be taught that it is very important not to get the repellent into the eyes, mouth, and open sores on the skin because it would burn. â€Å"If you are going to be outside during the hours of dusk and dawn it is wise to spray on a repellent containing permethrin because most mosquitoes can and will bite through thin clothing† (EPA 2012). If the weather permits another method of ensuring you are not bitten is to wear long sleeve shirts and long pants which act as another barrier of protection. To protect infants and the young place some type of netting over the carriers. When you are in the home make sure that any broken windows are replaced and if you like to have the windows open install door and window screens. The recommendations I would give to the community as a whole is to try to reduce the number of habitats mosquitos use to lay their eggs in by dumping all sources of standing water. If you have a pool make sure it’s chlorinated on a regular basis, empty birdbaths at least twice a week, about one a month clean and or unclog rain gutters, if you see rubbish laying around in your community call the city trash collection company to come and clean it up because that would be an optimal place for any mosquito to lay its eggs. Conclusion Ultimately the prevention and control of WNV is most effectively accomplished through rigorous vector management programs at the least the programs should include surveillance of humans and the animals in the area that could be infected with the virus and when the time comes implementation of the appropriate control measures.

Are Human Rights a Western Imposition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Are Human Rights a Western Imposition - Essay Example It is true that the idea of human rights originated from the west. According to Mohr and Tsedroen human rights were a result of European enlightenment thinking. However, the question that we need to ask ourselves is does the origin matter? There are many other advancements that emanated from the west such as technology and industry but have not experienced rejection since they are viewed as essential for development. Just as these developments are essential so are human rights and we cannot deny that all human beings deserve better living standards in form of food, shelter, health and education and that individuals also require to associate with others in the society for development to be realised. Some would argue that by the time the UN declaration on human rights was affirmed, many nations were not members of the UN especially those from Africa. In fact according to Morsink when the UN charter was founded in 1945 and the process began of formulating the international bill of right s, only 58 nations constituted the UN. As such, most nations did not participate in the process and in this regard, human rights may be seen as a western imposition especially so because most of the members were western nations. To be members of the UN nations had to be sovereign and in most cases African nations were still under colonial rule and could not participate. The bill of rights which was later accepted as human rights was aimed at protecting human rights as part of conditions for peace and end of the war (World War II) and to promote social progress and better standards of life (p. 1). On the other hand, though most nations did not participate in formulating the bill of rights by their accepting and affirming the UN declaration of human rights and implementing them in their own countries, this proves that human rights are universal. Everyone needs freedom to associate, equal treatment in the eyes of the law, protection from torture and slavery. Another argument in

Probation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Probation - Essay Example Probation oriented towards providing rehabilitation or therapeutic services to nonviolent offenders, a logical targeting of probation resources The punishment component therefore is to managed by the law enforcement agencies that already perform surveillance and control (police and sheriffs). An option is to increase specialization within probation by licensing more private agencies that offer Drug and alcohol treatment, education, and mental health services are also provided through contract with private providers. Day reporting centers for probation offenders are the cornerstones of local's corrections privatization in California. Day reporting centers might initially supervise low risk probation offenders who are not sentenced to jail. They agitate for imposition of home confinement sanctions, more frequently for pre-sentence surveillance in conjunction with electronic monitoring than as a stand-alone sanction. Electronic monitoring allows for long distance surveillance of offenders by either passive or active devices. Passive devices operate via radio transmissions in a wrist or ankle bracelet. Active devices use home telephones and computerized random calls to an offender's residence. Electronic monitoring is a component of many house arrest and ISP programs. Offenders may be sentenced directly to electronic monitoring, but some are placed on this sanction when jail crowding occurs, while others are placed on a monitor after violating a previous probation sanction Probation/Parole as agency of rehabilitation In a rehabilitative role the probation officer serves as a social caseworker, a counselor whose primary concerns are generally in the best interest of the offender. In this role, a probation officer must know how to interview, how to obtain facts about an offender's background, how to identify and distinguish surface from underlying problems, what community resources exist, and how to make referrals to such resources. Counseling is required for a variety of offenders including thieves, serious drug offenders, domestic violence offenders, and sex offenders. They are usually given a high-risk assessment status and are monitored closely by counseling staff and specialized probation officers. Who monitor some rehabilitation-related activities such as urinalysis testing, outpatient drug and contracting-out treatment and residential alcohol treatment Probation/Parole as advocate agents With probation inclined towards privation could possibly lead to the probation-related functions. Probation bonds could be required from appropriate offenders. The bonds would be privately guaranteed; with the bonding agency ensuring that a probationer fulfills the terms of probation this would be similar to the current bail system. Public Owned/Volunteer-Operated Day Reporting Centers Probation/Parole as law enforcement agents [ The main idea for probation was to offer alternative sanction programs that required Parolees judged in need of daily structured regimentation to undergo intensive supervision, including frequent and unannounced contact by probation officers outside a confined jail environment. In the law enforcement role, however, the probation officer is a control agent, an authoritarian figure, and a threat to the offender's conditional freedom. The dual role of probation is evident in the classic definition: "Probation strives to protect the community through the rehabilitation of the offender.

Recycling of biological waste for local production of vegetables in Research Paper

Recycling of biological waste for local production of vegetables in Nairobi, Kenya - Research Paper Example These foci include: identifying locally relevant options; optimization of composting processes; organization of any waste handling that occurs; the homogeneity and safety of the generated products; and acceptance of the generated products by end users. Here it will be analyzed what roles soil, plants, and oxygen play in composting in rural communities such as the one described here. Usually, what happens with soil is that the moisture in composting tends to have various gases that are eliminated into the air due to organic elements having been introduced into the soil. â€Å"The moisture content of casts is an important driving force controlling the direction of nitrification–denitrification process, thus in dry– wet cycles, increases and decreases in ammonium and nitrate contents, respectively, may occur. Therefore, the decreases in water content of casts over time may favour the predomination of nitrification processes† (Aira, Monroy, & Dominguez, 2005, pp. 470 ). Additionally, plant life is especially important to composting organic elements within the soil. â€Å"The root basis of plants with an age of more than three years are places of ‘retreat’ for earthworms during the dry season when the soil completely dries out up to a depth of 1 meter and more†¦Within this rotting material, small numbers of epigeic living earthworms can be found† (Bierwirth, 2001, pp. 3). Oxygen is also a very important element in the composting process. â€Å"The results [of this study] are relevant to the supply of oxygen†¦to sediments for the phytopurification of waste waters, to the efflux of methane and carbon dioxide from wetlands, and to rice cultivation† (Armstrong & Armstrong, 2001, Abstract). II. Objectives (100 words) The main focus of the research proposal is much in the direction of safe handling of urban wastes, the processing and the quality of the end product as a soil amendment. As mentioned, the work is plann ed to take place in Nairobi. Some of the recent work on urban agriculture and waste recycling will be analyzed. This includes knowing what steps are necessary to take in composting, and how current research has helped inform the approach that will be taken. It is hoped that, with this research, third-world composting in rural Africa will become more widely-accepted and widely-adopted all over. III. Research Questions (1,250 words) Research Questions (50 words) Research questions include the following: a) What are locally relevant options? B) How can composting processes be optimized? c) How is waste handling organized? How homogenous and safe are the generated products? and d) What is the acceptance of the end products by the public? a. Locally Relevant Options for Vegetable Production in Nairobi (300 words) Locally relevant options include trying to control pests. Pests can affect crops, which can then make the problem of yield losses worse, when trying to produce cash crops. †Å"[P]ests may affect yield loss independently in natural farming, but in conventional paddies, multiple pest injury may interact synergistically, compounding yield loss† (Andow & Hidaka, 1998, Abstract). Another locally relevant option for vegetable production in Nairobi might be testing the soil. It is important to know what type of soil is being used for which

A Farewell to Arms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

A Farewell to Arms - Essay Example The researcher states that the novel’s plot wholly conforms to the standard pattern of tragedy wherein the start, development, and the conclusion of the plot-structure is marked by the well-known stages of exposition, complication, climax, crisis, anticlimax, and denouement. The 41 chapters of the novel show the rising and falling action running through the various stages; beginning with the introduction and exposition of the action centering on Frederic. It then leads to complication of the action by the new factor of love, which pulls the hero in the direction opposite to that of the war. The rising action reaches a climax in the wounding of the hero in the war front, then the action taking a downward journey leading to the crisis. The turning point in the fortune of the hero is in his desertion of war in the Caporetto retreat, then reaching the anticlimax of the falling action in the hero’s migration along with Catherine from Italy to Switzerland. It ends with the ca tastrophe or denouement in the death of Catherine leaving the hero alone and bitter. Thus, the novel’s patterning is modeled on the plot structure of a classic tragedy. The exposition is in the introduction where we are introduced to the novel’s setting, war-torn Italy, the major characters, their conflicts and the dramatic tensions working against the characters. He builds up suspense through the arousal of the readers’ expectations followed by their ironic reversals.... Frederic’s duty as a soldier and his love for Catherine pull him in separate directions. The activating incident if Frederic’s wounding which makes it possible for Catherine to nurse him and for the couple to fall in love. The rising action is marked by numerous coquettish games that Frederic and Catherine had. These fetish actions foreshadow their affection for one other. This is further demonstrated in their final days together, prior to Frederic’s departure to the front zero by the demands of love in competition with his life beyond their relationship. The rising action is also characterized by complications in the form Frederic’s growing affection for Catherine, his injury and her graveness. By the time Frederic is about to go back to the front, they realize that Catherine is three months pregnant (Hemmingway 149). Frederic sees a life he could have with Catherine as they live in Milan. Catherine’s pregnancy and the call to report to the front, however, divide Frederic’s loyalties, trapping him between two desires. The climax of the novel is the disastrous retreat at Caporetto and Frederic’s near-execution by the carabinieri, which utterly changes his attitude toward the war (Hemmingway 152). Frederic’s action during the Caporetto retreat becomes the turning point of the conflict between war and love. In shooting the Italian sergeant for desertion but then deserting the war himself, Frederic’s disillusionment with battlefield bravery is complete. He commits himself to his love for Catherine. The falling action comes is when Frederic decides to flee and abandon the army marking his farewell to arms. Frederic and Catherine idyllic time together in Stresa, an Italian town, may seem an odd setting for a story’s falling action. Nevertheless, as

Quality Management in the Hotel Escargo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quality Management in the Hotel Escargo - Essay Example The essay "Quality Management in the Hotel Escargo" talks about the management strategy of the Hotel Escargo and how the hotel manages with prevention and appraisal costs. The writer argues that prevention costs should be ranked first before appraisal costs. This statement is true because business enterprises are required to first institute mechanisms to keep defects from occurring during the production process. Appraisal costs will arise when striving to detect defects through inspections, tests, and audits. I agree with the fact that most companies allow 10-15 percent to the prevent costs in typical situations; however, prevention costs should be maintained above 70 percent of total costs of quality. Olson argues that the in the ideal situation, the proportion of prevention is highest among the total costs of quality. Prevention costs that the management need to consider include quality planning, check-in and check-out system development and management, workforce training and employee development. Appraisal costs relevant to Hotel Escargo include room cleaning and inspection expenses, administering customer feedback survey, and room service audits. I agree with the writer of the assessment appraisal costs should be ranked second after prevention costs. The problem statement clarifies that there are aspects in check-in and check-out systems that need to undergo improvement. The management intends to develop a new process that is characterized by efficient and convenient in serving customers.

Assignment on Nursing home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment on Nursing home - Essay Example Commonwealth Memory Care is the only facility that is associated with Memory Care in the Norfolk area and is wholly devoted to the care of those with Alzheimer’s, dementia and memory loss and situated conveniently close to three major medical campuses – Bayview Medical Center, Bon Secours De Paul Medical Center and Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, and many nearby medical offices. The interview with the administrator of the Commonwealth Memory Care at Norfolk was conducted at the at the same centre at Norfolk that is an assisted living community that offers Alzheimer’s care and is located in Norfolk, Virginia. The interviewee was Antonio Williams who serves as the administrator of the Commonwealth Memory Care at Norfolk where the people that are associated with the centre perceive him as a leader who has a practical approach to work and one who can be trusted. Antonio Williams has been described by the families of some of the clients that receive the services of this centre as on a person whose guidance had helped their spirits that were almost heartbroken to adopt a better attitude and made the families to have a chance to enjoy the time that they had with their relatives as dealing with this disease can be hard on the families (Haaf, 1997). He is a person that has special insight in the creation of an environment that is meant to be compassionate and understanding while being supportive of the residents who have to live with the Alzheimer’s disease and he has the ability to be compassionate with both the residents and their families encouraging them in words while always being a good role model to the staff by leading through examples. For the work that he does, Antonio was able to receive the highest honour for his work being the Diamond Award for Assisted Living Director of the Year that came from the Virginia Assisted Living Association which is normally meant to distinguish

Comparing Leadership in Military and civil work Place Essay

Comparing Leadership in Military and civil work Place - Essay Example It also discusses the leadership styles and how the followers can accept them as a leader, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the two kinds of leadership opportunities. Leadership in the Military Vs Leadership in the Civil Service Bureaucracy According to Laver & Mathews (2008), military leadership involves persuading others to achieve the mission through provision of purpose, course and inspiration. Military leaders lawfully exercise authority over the subordinates based on grade or position in the organizational structure. They have a responsibility of ensuring that the mission is accomplished and that the welfare of the subordinates is maintained. The organizational structure of the military leads to bureaucratic leadership whereby significant procedures guide the military operations. There is a hierarchical structure from the top where the senior most staff is positioned to the bottom where junior officers are found. In other words, the structure represents a chain of command, which is a significant and most fundamental strategy for the accomplishment of organizational goals (McLaughlin & Osborne 2002). In bureaucracy, authority is distributed through statutes, bureaucratic systems as well as the positions of people in the hierarchy, which are defined by the particular office that the person holds. There are usually rules that govern the conduct of individuals at all levels, which are important in enhancing harmonious relations in the workplace and the maintenance of justice and equality not considering a person’s background. Lynn (1998) observes that consistency is maintained while on the other hand it is possible to avoid and deal with potential risks. People are safe guarded against injustices. However, bureaucracy in the contemporary civil workplace is slowly being displaced by the concept of new public management which focuses on the quality and effectiveness of service delivery rather than organizational structure. Military leaders may find difficulties in adapting to the new public management (Owen, 2003). Leadership Communication Leadership communication is significant for the accomplishment of the goals of leadership. It involves eloquence in expressing the ideas of the leader to the subordinates. In a military organization, effective leadership communication determines the relationship between the leader and the subordinates (Hersey et al. 2007). Helps the leader to effectively persuade his/her subordinates to adopt new ideas for the accomplishment of tasks. Efficient communication in the military enhances interactions between leaders and the subordinates, which is significant in the identification of problems and finding viable solutions especially due to the risky tasks involved in the military. Military leaders communicate the needs of their subordinates to those in higher ranks thereby generating confidence amongst the subordinates especially with the realization that their needs have been put in to co nsideration. A leader who effectively communicates with the officers in the lower cadres generates loyalty and enthusiasm in the force. Loyalty is fundamental in the success of the military (Laver & Mathews 2008). Similarly, effective leadership communication in the civil service is significant in maintaining credibility and ability to generate positive perception amongst workers. The leader is capable of establishing useful links with important stakeholders, which is necessary for building strong collaboration for

How to Sustain Customer Loyalty towards Brands Essay

How to Sustain Customer Loyalty towards Brands - Essay Example The researcher states that brand loyalty is the final objective a company sets for a branded merchandise. The importance of brand loyalty cannot be underestimated due to the fact that as brand loyalty increases, the vulnerability to the competitive actions is reduced which is very important in the cut-throat competitive era of today. The customer’s adherence to a particular brand increases the market value of the brand and helps the organization to have a competitive edge over the rivals. The brand loyalty also provides confidence among the organizations to launch a new product and to get involved in new ventures as they feel that the loyal customers will definitely go for the new products. This also helps the organization with the process of the expansion. Brand loyalty is basically a consumer’s preference and priority to opt for a particular brand in a product category. The reason behind this preference can be the perception of provision of the right product features and high level of quality at the right price. Additionally the brand loyalty can also have its basis in the emotional attachment of the user with the brand. The preference can be built upon an association with the brand symbol. Aaker defined Brand loyalty as â€Å"the attachment that a customer has to a brand†. It can also be seen as consumer’s preference to purchase a particular brand in a product class and this could be as a result of the consumer awareness about that particular brand. The strong name of a firm, the good image of the product and corporate reputation are the factors which builds loyalty/commitment, which helps the consumer to value a product of a particular company and put it above the others (Souiden et al. 2006). â€Å"A deeply held commitment to re-buy or re-patronize a preferred product/service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same-brand or same brand-set purchasing, despite situational influences and marketing efforts havin g potential to cause switching behavior† (Oliver,1997 referred in Ozer, et. al. 2005, p.90). The brand loyalty of existing customer represent a strategic asset to the organization, that, if properly managed and exploited, has the potential to provide value in several ways. It works to reduce the marketing costs of doing business. It is simple and much less costly to keep hold of customers than to get new ones. Brand loyalty even generates trade leverage. At the extreme, brand loyalty may dominate store choice decisions. Additionally various studies

Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies Essay Example for Free

Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies Essay Based off of this reading, it can be assumed that the conditions in the Indies during the time this text was written were not humane whatsoever. The actions of the Spaniards were very much barbaric, and completely contradict the religion which the Spaniards were trying so desperately to impose upon the natives of the Indies. Without having to go into detail, it is said by Bartoleme in the letter that the Spaniards would treat the people of the Indies as wild beasts, cattle, or animals. But he then goes back on this statement saying that in fact they treated them less than livestock, because they at least took care of the livestock. This is a good example of how barbarically the Spaniards ruled over the Natives. There was no respect for the Natives, even though they were described as peaceful, passive, kind, and as overall decent human beings. Yet in the eyes of the Spaniards, the same people were seen as barbarians and savages. What makes the situation even more disturbing is that the Spaniards used the name of god to justify their ruthless actions. They saw it as their divine right to take over the Natives. Fortunately, there were people like Bartoleme that spoke out against these cruel acts. He wrote the letter describing all the acts of inhumanity towards the Natives to the King and Queen of Spain in order to create rules and regulations that would regulate the actions of the Spaniards in the Indies. This alone was a substantial act of humanity. The only ironical part is that he suggests that the Spanish use African people instead of using the Natives of the Indies for labor. Unfortunately at the time, there were still mass amounts of racism, even amongst the most noble of men. Men such as Bartoleme who spoke out against cruel acts were still subject to their own racist antics. Although this wasn’t very out-of-the-ordinary at the time, in today’s world it’s despicable nonetheless. It’s a very hypocritical suggestion that he had for the King and Queen, and for that, would lose all credit for anything positive that happened to the Natives after his ideas were reinforced.

Theories Of Personality: Albert Einstein

Theories Of Personality: Albert Einstein This paper will discuss about the life of Albert Einstein and how the different theories of the personality are applied on his life. Like the theory of Maslow in which he describes the five needs of the human beings and the big five model. Certainly, he was mentally a very strong person that was against the military rule and dictatorship of German government. Finally, he would not have been a famous and genius man of the 20th century if he were not conscientiousness. The theory of Erickson describes the psycho-social improvement through eight different periods. According to this theory, each level focuses on a subject, or calamity, that is particularly important at his that span of life. By applying the theory of Erickson on Einsteins psycho-social improvement at the very end of his life, we could possibly comprehend that his life was wonderful and playful. The intelligence of Einstein was specially called the logical-mathematical intelligence. Certainly, Einstein formed the theories based on the observations, and on the logical reasoning. Take For instant, some scientists thought while Albert Einstein was still working in government grant office, he experimented that many of the people that were coming inside and out the office on the certain time. Albert Einstein was not very confident or competent in his early life, he even started talking very late then any other normal person but in the later life he became very confident and he achieved a lot by the validations of the theories that he proposed. Trait Theory: According to Douglas, the majority of people illustrate others by referring to their sociable, thoughts, actions, feelings and needs. All these points are called personal traits that tend to assist to express how a person generally thinks and then behave. There are two diverse trait theories that are given later in this paper. Firstly, the trait theory utilizes a factor-analytic technique that is organized in five essential factors that are: Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism These trait theories complement each other to assist us get additional understanding of the personality of Albert Einstein. While focusing on the factors of the big five model, Einstein was an extremely non-open person in the early childhood. When he was three years old, he could not yet talk, and he really hated playing music especially playing piano. Nevertheless, he became more open when he became an adult man. He used to be enjoyed by art; he also used to play music as his preference and got interested about nature. He was very introverted, he did not really liked to talk to others. Every scientific work was done by him. And this could possibly be the reason that clarifies that why he gave divorce to his wife. However, in the end days of his life, he was pretty much more active and he joined many organizations that confined the peace and the human rights. He had a very strong agreeableness that could be seen by his love and his passion, along with his fights for freedom and peace of the world. He was not very neurotic because he had by no means concern about the certainty of his theories that were not agreed upon by almost all of the scientists of 20th century, but he still struggled, fought and proved to the humanity the truth. Certainly, he was mentally a very strong person that was against the military rule and dictatorship of German government. Finally, he would not have been a famous and genius man of the 20th century if he were not conscientiousness. Because he created new theories, he should have been very structured and well-versed in each theme. Secondly, the trait theory utilizes the biological features that are recognized as: Introversion Extraversion Emotionality Stability. Connecting to the 2nd trait theory, Albert Einstein seemed not to fit in any specific area of the sphere e.g. Introverted Extraverted and Emotional Stability. He was very submissive, thoughtful, easygoing, peaceful and active. We could easily see it all the way through his personal living. For instant, he on no account cared how people thought about his presentation, his hair or the clothes. Einstein had the unsurprising trait patterns that represent the multifaceted personality. Neo-Freudian Theory: The theory of Erickson describes the psycho-social improvement through eight different periods. According to this theory, each level focuses on a subject, or calamity, that is particularly important at his that span of life. By applying the theory of Erickson on Einsteins psycho-social improvement at the very end of his life, we could possibly comprehend that his life was wonderful and playful. Albert Einstein displayed self-actualization in dedicating his life for society and science. The scientific creativity of Einstein was intensely connected with the societal development and was an enormous part of his history. The theory of Erickson will terminate that at the older age, Einstein lived a very meaningful life and he was prepared to countenance death with approval and pride. Nevertheless, Einstein apparently was not satisfied by his life although he had completed a lot of work. At the same time, as in the last days, when he was in hospital, he spoke something to the nurse in German before going to sleep forever. A lot of scientists said that Einstein may talk about the quantums theory for the achievement to that nurse, but regrettably she did not appreciated German. Therefore, when at the time when Einstein was about to death, we might also see the confliction between honesty versus despair. (Cunny, 1960). A lot of people had doubt and questioned that how Einstein was so good and intelligent. After the death of Einstein, doctors managed a surgery on his head and did not found out any dissimilarity between his brains with a normal persons brain. According to the theory of Gardner, everyone governs a special intellect which is articulated in different situate of skills (Language, Thought, Intelligence 285). The intelligence of Einstein was specially called the logical-mathematical intelligence. Certainly, Einstein formed the theories based on the observations, and on the logical reasoning. Take For instant, some scientists thought while Albert Einstein was still working in government grant office, he experimented that many of the people that were coming inside and out the office on the certain time. He observed that the time and space in the place of work that were linked and by the reasonable thinking, his common relativity theory was recognized (Cunny, 1960). In other viewpoint, Sternberg Triarchic theory also integrated three diverse types of intelligence that are: Analytic Creative Practical Einsteins science efforts were based on logical intelligence. He also used diagnostic thought to resolve the physics problems. And He may also have realistic intelligence because he was worried that a lonesome man in science that can only work alone and observe the subjects through his uneven experience in life. For example, he disliked rote learning in schools, so that he can get experience and studied math by his individuality. Generally, both theories clarified the types of intelligence of Albert Einstein splendidly and it gave us more thoughts about our particular intelligences which we have not thought about ever before. Psychoanalytic Theory: This theory by Sigmund Freud explains that the psyche of human beings is divided in two structures that are the conscious and the unconscious mind of a person. However, the mind of a person has three parts that are: Id Ego The Super-Ego had been such a progressive messenger and he had said about how significant thoughts are that a person can never get any of the revolutionary ideas if he keeps on thinking the same thoughts that he thought before. A person has to think different thoughts in order to progress in life. The ego is part of the individual structure and it will be with us when we dwell in the sphere of the substantial and live inside this concept as we know of it as time since the ego only survive in our past reminiscences or our future thoughts. The ego cannot exist in the present moment of now. When we go back to the area of the absolute, all reverse to the care that is the center of our living being and the ego vanishes because we are one time again in full information that we are with the foundation of all that survive and there is no idea such as time. There is only the current instant of now and the ego can not survive in this surroundings. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs: The hierarchy of needs include all the physiological, psychological, belonging, esteem needs and the need for self-actualization. 5.1. Physiological Need: The physiological needs include the needs like air, water, food, shelter and safety etc. Albert Einstein was not very social in his early life but by the end of his life, he became more social, started interacting with people more often because of the safety of not being lonesome. There are two ways to live your life. He also believed that there are only two ways by which a person can live his life. One is if you believe that nothing is a miracle and the other is when you believe that everything is a miracle. 5.2. Psychological Need: Probably psychological needs enable us to prosper rather than just survive; this can be seen in terms of excess energy just like economic magnificence can also be seen in terms of over capital. The majority of the people on the planet earth waste most of the time while struggling to satisfy their survival needs and so they then have a very little time spare to enjoy luxury of pleasing the psychological needs of understanding and knowing. Einstein was a very intelligent man and he did not believed in miracles. The theories he proposed were not accepted by other scientists but he was psychologically very strong and determined that he was right and soon everyone was found of him. 5.3 Belonging Need: Even when Einstein was a very young child, he valued solitude, in 1930 he remembered and said that he was a true lone traveler and he have never belonged to his country, his home, his friends, and even his instantaneous family with his whole heart and as a matter of fact, he had never lost the sense of coldness and the need for solitude, and the feelings that increase with the years and time. (qtd in Cassidy 64). 5.4 Esteem Need: There are of two types of Esteem needs that are: Internal esteem needs that can include the need for self- respect, competence, confidence, freedom and achievement. External esteem needs can include the needs for recognition, status, power, admiration and attention. Albert Einstein was not very confident or competent in his early life, he even started talking very late then any other normal person but in the later life he became very confident and he achieved a lot by the validations of the theories that he proposed. On the other hand, he also received a lot attention and admiration throughout his life and was very famous among the people. 5. 5 Self- Actualization: Albert Einstein displayed self-actualization in dedicating his life for society and science. The scientific creativity of Albert Einstein was intensely related with the societal development and was an enormous part of his history. Conclusion: These trait theories complement each other to assist us get additional understanding of the personality of Albert Einstein. While focusing on the factors of the big five model, Einstein was an extremely non-open person in the early childhood. Certainly, Einstein was mentally a very strong person that was against the military rule and dictatorship of German government. Finally, he would not have been a famous and genius man of the 20th century if he were not conscientiousness. Because he created new theories, he should have been very structured and well-versed in each theme. Albert Einstein was not very confident or competent in his early life, he even started talking very late then any other normal person but in the later life he became very confident and he achieved a lot by the validations of the theories that he proposed. On the other hand, he also received a lot attention and admiration throughout his life and was very famous among the people. The scientific creativity of Albert Einstein was intensely related with the societal development and was an enormous part of his history. Probably psychological needs enable us to prosper rather than just survive; this can be seen in terms of excess energy just like economic magnificence can also be seen in terms of over capital. Einstein was a very intelligent man and he did not believed in miracles. The theories he proposed were not accepted by other scientists but he was psychologically very strong and determined that he was right and soon everyone was found of him. Gender Selection: Ethical Dilemma Gender Selection: Ethical Dilemma 1.0 INTRODUCTION â€Å"Over the course of human history, the gender of a newborn child has mostly been a surprise and an uncontrollable aspect of the lifecycle† (Akchurin and Kartzke 2012). However, with advances in reproduction technologies nowadays such as in-vitro fertilization and testing embryos for abnormalities, parents can not only know the gender of their offspring before birth, but it is also possible for them to choose the gender of the child before it is being implanted in the womb (Cloonman et al. 2007). Since decades, the practice of identifying fetal sex during pregnancy has existed and it was first introduced in the 1970s (WHO 2012). While prenatal sex selection was once considered to be unique to India and China, the practice now exists in the Asian, European and African countries, especially with the prevalence of ultrasound, being more affordable to middle-class and even lower-class families (Miller 2001). Although gender selection has been beneficial to a large extent to so ciety, questions about its ethicality are often raised and it remains a highly controversial issue. Therefore, the following points below emphasises on the arguments for and against in a bid to provide a balanced debate as to whether selecting the gender of a child before birth should be allowed or not 2.0 ARGUMENTS FOR MOTIVATIONS UNDERLYING SEX SELECTION 2.1 Prevention of selective abortion and infanticide Throughout history, gender selection has been practiced after birth by the abandonment or killing of unwanted infants or before birth by selective abortion. However, these ruthless practices still exist in some countries. One of the main causes is due to deep-rooted cultural factors present in countries like India and China (Jones 1992) which strongly affect gender preferences. For instance, in China, the Government has adopted the one-child policy and for the case of India, most Indian’s parents mostly pray for a baby boy for cultural factors such as inheritance of property, family name to their heirs and their contribution to economic activity (Bhaskar and Gupta 2007). Therefore, by allowing parents to choose the sex of their offspring before pregnancy and eventually allow them to get their desired offspring, this will not only prevent them from committing sins like infanticide and selective abortion, but also avoid negative cultural implications. 2.2 Family Balancing Gender selection is also considered as ethical when it is used for â€Å"Family balancing† purposes (Bhaskar 2010). As Cline (2007) claimed, families that already have one or more children of a particular sex may feel like selecting the gender of their next offspring in order to â€Å"balance the gender ratio† of their family. Data indicate that couples who are expecting a baby, but already have a daughter, prefer to have recourse to gender selection methods so as to ensure that their next child would be a boy (Hesketh and Zing 2006). Thus, this argument is justified when considering the fact that having children of different sex in a family is beneficial to the society (Akchurin and Kartzkey 2012). 2.3 Freedom of choice If the latest technology in gender selection exists, then parents believe that they should have the reproductive right to select the gender make-up of their family given that no impairment is being caused to the society by their decision (Harris 1997). Article 16 (1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that: Men and women of full age†¦ have the right to marry and to found a family and this right also implies that they have the right to make choices over how their family should be formed(U.N. 1948). 2.4 Sex-linked genetic diseases For families who are prone to get sex-linked genetic diseases like â€Å"Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, hemophilia, Cooleys anemia, Downs syndrome†, and more than 400 other diseases (Jones 1992), pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) prevent them from conceiving a baby with the risk of developing a severe illness and avoid abortion or premature death (Silverman 2005). Therefore, in this case, the use of PGD for a medical purpose is an ethical practice. 3.0 ARGUMENT AGAINST SEX SELECTION 3.1 Children designed to specifications A popular criticism of gender selection is its use for non-medical reasons. Children are being considered as consumer products or toys designed to specifications in a bid to satisfy parents (Akchurin and Kartzke 2012). The latter are using money and technology to fulfill superficial desires and soon they will want to choose the eye or hair colour, skin tone and eventually the career of their offspring, thus leading to the creation of a â€Å"designer baby†. Besides, parents may not be aware that in trying to customize their babies, this may lead to the development of other undesirable traits; low intelligence, birth defects, the passing of hereditary diseases, or even genetic disorders. 3.2 Natural Selection Having a child is a natural phenomenon, full of wonder, but however, doctors, and to an extent parents, are â€Å"playing God† by choosing the gender of their child (Leung 2004). Children should not be loved because of who they are, not because they are exactly what we wanted of them (Stein 2004). Reproductive technologies were developed with the intention to cure diseases, but choosing the gender of a child before pregnancy is not a disease. Thus, by allowing sex choice for non-medical reasons, this can have harmful implications on the society as this will encourage selective abortion. Besides, the society will lose its natural essence and the evolution of human species will be affected (Sureau 1999). 3.3 Gender imbalance Another unintended consequence of sex selection is gender imbalance. Gender preferences due to social and cultural factors may result in serious imbalances in some countries like India, Vietnam and China. For instance, in India, the sex ratio at birth is very high such that there are â€Å"914 girls for every 1,000 boys† (The Economist 2011). The negative implications of gender imbalance may subsequently lead to â€Å"marriage squeeze† whereby a shortage of women leaves fewer brides available for the large numbers of prospective grooms (Hvistendahl 2012). These imbalances are socially harmful because as they are linked to forced marriage, sexual violence, kidnapping and prostitution. 4.0 CONCLUSION â€Å"Childbirth is a complex series of molecular reactions and organic growth, and while doctors have learned much about the process, there is still much that is unknown† (Akchurin and Kartzke 2012). Technology has permitted humans to make choices on different ways on how to live their lives, but gender selection is all about allowing people making a choice about the life of someone else, which is not a decision for them to take as it severely affects the quality of life of the child in some way or another and can eventually have negative impacts on the society as a whole (Cloonman et al. 2007). However, as per the Human Genetics Alert Campaign Briefing (2002), it is pointless to ‘try to stop scientific advances’, but instead, it is better to focus on how to prevent any abuse. Policymakers need to be aware of the practice’s potential growth, and how it threatens gender equality and progress in their own countries (Gilles and Jacobs 2012). Hence, gender sel ection is a highly controversial issue as far as its applicability for medical and non-medical reasons is concerned and involves a debate that is outside the scope of this essay. BIBLIOGRAPHY Akchurin,W. and Kartzk, R., 2012. The Ethics of Gender Selection [online]. Available from: http://www.ethicapublishing.com/ ethical/3CH2.pdf. Bhaskar, V., and Gupta, B., 2007. India’s Missing Girls: Biology, Customs and Economic Development, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23, 221-238. Bhaskar, V., 2010. Sex Selection and Gender Balance. University College London. Cline, A., 2007. Gender Selection- Ethical Considerations New Technologies. [online]. Available from: http://atheism.about.com Cloonman, K., Crumley, C. and Kiymaz, S., 2007. Sex Selection: Ethical Issues. Developmental Biology. The New York Times. [Online]. Available from: http://8e.devbio.com Ganatra, B., 2008. Maintaining Access to Safe Abortion and Reducing Sex Ratio Imbalances in Asia. Reproductive Health Matters 16, 90-98. Gilles, K. and Feldman-JACOBS, C., 2012. When technology and tradition collide: from gender bias to sex selection. Policy brief- Population Reference Bureau, Washington, USA, 1-5. Harris, J. 1997. Goodbye Dolly? The ethics of human cloning. J Med Ethics, (23), 353-360. Hesketh, T., and Zing, Z.W, 2006. Abnormal Sex Ratios in Human Populations: Causes and Consequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(36), 13271-75. Human Genetics Alert Campaign Briefing, 2002. The case against sex selection [online]. Human Genetics Alert, London. Available from: www.hgalert.org/sexselection.PDF Hvistendahl, M., 2012. Unnatural Selection: Choosing Boys Over Girls and the Consequences of a World Full of Men. Report of the International Workshop on Skewed Sex Ratios at Birth, UNFPA, New York. International debate education association, 2012. This house believes parents should be able to choose the sex of their children, [online]. Available from: http://idebate.org/es/cite/17669 JONES, O., 1992. Sex Selection: regulating technology enabling the predetermination of a childs gender. Harvard Journal of Law Technology, 6, 1-62. Leung, R., 2004. Choose the Sex of Your Baby. CBS News. [online]. Available from: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/04/13/60II/main611618.shtml Miller, B., 2001. Female-Selective Abortion in Asia: Patterns, Policies, and Debates. Report of the International Workshop on Skewed Sex Ratios at Birth. American Anthropologist, 103 (4), 1083-95. Peterson-Iyer, K., 2004. Designer Children. Cleveland: The Pilgrim. 1-232. Silverman, A., 2005. Genetic Diseases. The Silverman Center for Gender Selection, [online]. Available from: http://www.gender-select.com Stein, R., 2004.A Boy for You, a Girl for Me: Technology Allows Choice. The Washington Post [online]. 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